EAWS Phase I

First Aid Objectives

* prevent further injury, infections and loss of life

8 Fundamental Elements of First Aid

* Bleeding
* Burns
* Fractures
* Electric Shock
* Obstructed Airways
* Heat Related Injuries
* Cold Weather Injuries
* Shock

4 Methods to Control Bleeding

* Direct pressure
* Elevation
* Pressure Points
* TQ

Pressure Points

* point on body where main artery lies near skin
* Temple- Superficial temporal artery
* Jaw- Facial artery
* Neck- Common Carotid Artery
* Collar Bone- Subclavian Artery
* Inner Upper Arm- Brachial Artery
* Brachial Artery- Inner Elbow
* Wrist- Radial/ulnar artery
* Upper thigh- Femoral
* Groin- Iliac Artery
* Knee- Popliteal Artery
* Ankle- Anterior/posterior tibia artery

First Degree Burn

* Produces redness, warmth, and mild px

Second Degree Burn

* Causes red, blistered skin and severe px

Third Degree Burn

* Destroys tissue & sometimes skin/bone
* Px may be absent due to destruction of nerve endings

Fractures

* 2 types
* closed/simple OR open/compound

Burns

* 1st degree, 2nd degree, 3rd degree

1st Degree Burns

* produces redness, warmth, and mild pain

2nd Degree Burns

* causes red, blistered skin, and severe pain

3rd Degree Burns

* destroys tissue, skink and bone (severe case)
* pain could be absent due to nerve ending damage

Fractures

* 2 types
* closed/simple
* open/compound

Closed/Simple Fracture

* broken bone w/o break in skin

Open/Compound Fracture

* break in skin w/ possible bone protrusion

Electric Shock

* person comes into contact w/ an electric energy source

Obstructed Airways

* obstruction of the upper airway
* inability to talk, grasping for air, pointing to throat, exaggerated breathing efforts, & skin turning bluish color

Heat Exhaustion

* serious disturbance of blood flow to the brain, heart, & lungs
* skin is cool, moist, & clamy; pupils are dilated
* Victim is typically sweating profusely

Heat Stroke

* serious condition caused by breakdown of sweating mechanism of the body
* Victim unable to eliminate excessive body heat buildup
* hot &/or dry skin, uneven pupil dilation, & weak/rapid pulse

Cold Weather Injuries

* 3 types- hypothermia, superficial frostbite, & deep frostbite

Hypothermia

* cooling of entire body caused by exposure to low/rapidly falling temperature (cold moisture, snow, or ice)
* breathing is slow/shallow, faint pulse/undetectable
* Body tissues feel semi-rigid, and arms/ legs may feel stiff

Superficial Frostbite

* ice crystals are forming in the upper skin layers after exposure to temperature of 32º or lower

Deep Frostbite

* ice crystals form in deeper tissues after exposure to temperature of 32º or lower

Shock

* life-threatening medical condition whereby the body suffers from insufficient blood flow throughout the body

Septic Shock

* results from bacteria multiplying in the blood & releasing toxins
* Common causes are pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections (i.e. ruptured appendix), and meningitis

Anaphylactic Shock

* severe hypersensitivity or allergic reaction
* caused by allergy to insect stings, medications, or foods (nut/berries/seafood)

Cardiogenic Shock

* heart is damaged & unable to supply sufficient blood to the body
* caused by heart attack/congestive heart failure

Hypovelemic Shock

* caused by severe blood & fluid loss —> makes the heart unable to pump blood through body

Neurogenic Shock

* caused by spinal cord injury

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

* combo of rescue breathing & chest compressions delivered to victims in cardiac arrest

Steps of CPR

* CAB- Circulation, Airway, Breathing

CPR Chain of Survival

* 1. Recognize/activate CPR
* 2. Chest Compressions
* 3. AED/defibrillator
* 4. Rapid Defibriation
* 5. Effective ALS (EMS)
* 6. Integrated post-cardiac arrest care

Operation Risk Management (ORM)

* systemic, decision-making process used to identify/manage hazards that endanger naval resources

5 Step ORM Process

1. Identify hazards- identify/conduct prelim hazard analysis
2. Assess hazards- each hazards identified, determine degree of risk w/ probability & severity
3. Make risk decisions- develop risk control options (most serious first)
4. Implement Controls- measures used to eliminate/reduce hazards
5. Supervise- conduct f/u evans of controls

Mishap Classes

* 3 classifications of mishaps
* Class A, Class B, Class C

Class A Mishap

* total material property damage is $2,000,000 or more
* Injury/occupational illness results in fatality OR permenant disability

Class B Mishap

* Total material property damage is $500,000 or more (less than 2 mil)
* Injury/occupational illness in permanent partial disability
* OR 3 or more personnel are inpatient hospitalized

Class C Mishap

* Total material property damage is $50,000 or more (less than $500,000)
* No fatal illness/disease that causes loss of time from work or disability at any time

ORM PPE

* established as last line of dense in event of emergency
* examples: carnials (impact, hearing, & eye protection); gloves, foot protection (steel toe boots)

Chemical Warfare

* intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate personnel due to physiological effect

Nerve Agents

* disrupt nerve impulses to the body while damaging body functions rather than tissue =
* Ex. sarin (GB), Tabun (GA), SOMAN (GD), and VX

Blister Agents

* liquid/solid that can cause inflammation, blisters, & general destruction of tissues which often results in temporary blindness and/or death
* Ex. distilled mustard (HD), Lewisite (L), Phosgene Oxime (CX), and Levinstein Mustard (HL)

Blood Agents

* gaseous agent that attacks enzymes carrying oxygen in the blood stream
* rapid breathing or choking due to lack of oxygen in blood
* Ex. Hydrogen Cyanide (AC), Cyanogen Chloride (CK), and Arline (SA)

Choking Agents

* gaseous/liquid casualty agents w/ initial symptoms including tears, dry throat, nausea, vomiting, and/or headache
* lungs can become filled w/ fluid making the victim feel like they are drowning causing breathing to become rapid/shallow
* Ex. Phosgene (CG), and Diphosgene

M9 Chemical Agent Detector Paper

* detects the presence of liquid chemical agents by turning red/reddish color

Biological Warfare

* use of agents to vcause disease, sickness, or death to reduce the effectiveness of opposing combatant forces

Pathogens

* bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and prions

Toxins

* based on organism that produced them
* Mycotoxins (fungi), bacterial, algal, animal venoms, and plant toxins
* Primary groups based on physiological effects are neurotoxins, cytotoxins, enterotoxins, and dermatoxins

Radiological Warfare

* use of radiological weapons to produce widespread injury & death of all life

High Altitude Air Burst

* altitudes in excess of 100,000 ft w/ ionosphere disruptions & EMP

Air Burst

* fireball does not reach the surface
* vacuum created collects debris caused by the severe blast damage results in radiation fallout

Surface Bursts

* worst fallout due to fireballtouching the surface which results in massive radioactive fallout

Shallow Underwater Burst

* small fireball & blast wave
* causes large waves & water contamination

Deep Underwater Burst

* less visual than shallow underwater burst w/ less visual effects & yields greater contaminated water

Ready-Shelter

* just inside weather envelope w/ access to deep shelter
* provide minimum shielding from nuclear radiation & allows crew to remain close to battle stations

Deep- Shelter

* low in ship & near centerline
* provide maximum shielding from nuclear radiation

DT-60 Dosimeter

* non-self reading high range casualty dosimeter
* determines total amount of gamma radiation to which the wearer is exposed

MOPP (Mission Oriented Protective Posture)

* management tool used to coordinate the use of systems & equipment in chemical/biological environment
* 5 Levels- 0-4

MOPP Level 0

* Issue IPE, accessible w/in 5 minutes

MOPP Level 1

* Afloat- JSLIST, Mask, gloves readily available
* Ashore- Don protective equipment, M9 tape

MOPP Level 2

* Afloat- mask carried, decon supplies stage
* Ashore- additional to level 1 - don protective over-boots

MOPP Level 3

* Afloat- GQ, install filters, don over-boots
* Ashore- fill canteens, activate decon supplies

MOPP Level 4

* Afloat- don mask/hood, gloves, circle william, counter measure washdown
* Ashore- gloves w/liners, untie bow in renton cord, loop between legs, & secure to web belt

Firefighting Fundamentals

* primary duty of firefighter is to save lives
* secondary- extinguish firsts & limit damage to azure craft, shipboard, airfield installed equipment, and/or airfield structures

Fire Tetrahedron

* Heat
* Fuel
* Oxygen
* Chemical Chain reaction

Class Alpha Fire

* combustibles that produce ash
* i.e. burning wood, cloth, textiles/fibrous materials, & paper products
* Extinguish using: water OR Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF)

Class Bravo Fire

* flammable liquid substances
* i.e. gasoline, jet fuel, oil, etc.
* Extinguish using: AFFF, Halon 1211, Purple K Powder (PKP), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Class Charlie Fire

* energized electrical fires attacked by using non-conductive agents
* Extinguish using:
* Energized: CO2, halon, PKP, & H2O in fog patterns w/ minimum distance of 4 ft
* De-energized: Treat as Class A, B, or D fire

Class Delta Fire

* combustible metals such as magnesium/titanium
* Extinguished using: H2O & high velocity fog

Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF)

* liquid concentrat composed of synthetic fluorocarbon surfactant materials that are noncorrosive
* unlimited shelf life

Water (H2O)

* not generally considered for combating large aircraft fuel fires
* typically used to cool area for personnel

Halon 1211

* primarily used on Class B/ Class C but can be effective on Class A
* colorless/ faintly sweet scent
* electrically nonconductive gas that leaves no residue to clean up
* Inhibits chemical chain reaction process

Carbon Dioxide

* intended for Class B & Class C
* colorless/odorless
* fire suppression through displacement of oxygen to below level that is required to support combustion

Purple K (PKP/ Potassium Bicarbonate)

* primarily for Class B
* dry chemical that interrupts the combustion chain
* does not have cooling capabilities = NOT permanent extinguishing capabilities

Flight Line/Airfield Safety Equipment

* flight deck safety shoes
* cranial impact helmet
* protective eye goggles
* leather gloves

Runways

* paved areas used for aircraft takeoff and landing

Threshold Markings

* parallel stripes on the ends of runways
* 12 ft wide by 150 ft long
* designate landing area

Overrun Area

* ends of the runways that provide effective deceleration area for aborting or overshooting aircraft

MA-1 Series Overrun Barrier

* designed to stop tricycle landing gear equipped aircraft not equipped w/ tail hooks
* utilized for emergency stopping @ shortest landing distance

Taxiways

* paved areas for aircraft to move between parking aprons, runways, and airfield services

Parking Apron

* open paved areas adjacent to hangers, fuel, services often considered flight line
* used for parking, servicing, & loading

Compass Calibration Pad (Compass Rose)

* numbered in relation to their magnetic heading rounded off to the nearest 10º

Airfield Rotating Beacon

* used to ID airport’s location w/ below VFR weather conditions
* Military airfields use 2 white lights & one green flashing 12-15 x per minute

Flight Deck Safety Equipment

* protective jersey
* cranial impact helmet
* protective eye goggles
* leather gloves

Yellow Jersey

* aircraft handling officer
* flight deck officer
* catapult officer
* air bos’n
* arresting gear officer
* plane directors

White Jersey

* safety department
* air transport officer
* landing signal officer
* squadron plane inspectors (troubleshooter)
* medical

Brown Jersey

* plane captains

Blue Jersey

* aircraft handling and chock crewman
* elevator operators

Green Jersey

* catapult and arresting gear personnel
* squadron aircraft maintenance personnel
* helipcopter landing signal enlisted-man
* photographers

Red Jersey

* crash & salvage
* EOD
* Ordnance handling personnel

Purple Jersey

* aviation fuel crew

Support Equipment (SE)

* never pass under any part of a parked aircraft
* driven/parked adjacent to aircraft to prevent collision

Danger Areas

* intakes/exhaust
* flight controls
* compressed gases
* cryogenics
* explosives
* hazardous materials
* eye/hearing/ other environmental dangers

Procedures for Grounding

* first hook up a grounding strap to a certified static ground then to aircraft grounding receptacle

Wind Velocity

* determines which category of tie-down must be used for securing aircraft

Wind Velocity Up to 45 knots

* ***Initial tiedown***: a minimum of 6 chains are required
* used immediately prior to, in between, or immediately after flight

Wind Velocity Up to 45 Knots

* Normal Weather Tie down
* 9 chains required

Wind Velocity 46-60 Knots

* Moderate weather tie-down
* 14 chains required

Wind Velocity Above 60 Knots

* Heavy Weather tie-down
* 20 chains required

NO-Step Markings

* aircraft critical walkways that cannot be walked on