Modalities: Physical Agents Study Guide (no first half stuff) with MC

Which of the following best represents the standard set-repetition protocol for blood flow restriction (BFR) training?

A. 30 reps, 30 reps, 15 reps, 15 reps

B. 30 reps, 15 reps, 10 reps, 10 reps

C. 30 reps, 15 reps, 15 reps, 15 reps

D. 30 reps, 20 reps, 15 reps, 10 reps

30 reps, 15 reps, 15 reps, 15 reps

In aquatic therapy, which physical property of water primarily contributes to the reduction of gravitational forces on the body during rehabilitation?

A. Hydrostatic pressure

B. Buoyancy

C. Viscosity

D. Displacement

Buoyancy

Which form of traction is typically applied directly by the therapist and is most often used for short-term symptom relief?

A. Mechanical

B. Manual

C. Static

D. Intermittent

manual

What muscles are more active during immersion at the level of the umbilicus?

· A) Rectus Femoris and Erector Spinae

· B) Quadriceps and Transversus Abdominus

· C) Gluteus Medius/minimus and Erector Spinae

· D) Rectus Femoris and Iliopsoas

Rec fem & erector spinae

What is the most correct mechanism for the effects of BFR at the cellular level?

· A) The occlusion causes external pressure on the tissues which will cause microtrauma->repair leading to hypertrophy.

· B) The occlusion causes release of metabolites, hormones, and cell signaling changes leading to hypertrophy

· C) The occlusion causes a sympathetic response which increases HR, BP, and muscular force production short term.

· D) The occlusion causes the muscles to fatigue quicker which means you can perform less reps with lighter load to simulate overload.

The occlusion causes release of metabolites, hormones, and cell signaling changes leading to hypertrophy

The biomechanical theory for traction states that traction is beneficial due to the separation between vertebrae and increasing space of the intervertebral foramina. What percent of body weight is necessary to obtain the separation/spacing between the vertebrae?

A) 21% bodyweight or higher

B) 26% bodyweight or higher

C) 51% bodyweight or higher

D) There will be no physical separation regardless of the traction force because traction is relatively ineffective.

26% bodyweight or higher

Why does BFR produce similar results with low loads as compared to high load resistance training?

A. it activates type I muscle fibers

B. it induces earlier fatigue and recruits more motor units

C. it increases the level of growth hormones

D. it causes pain, which leads to hypertrophy of the muscle

it induces earlier fatigue and recruits more motor units

Which modality is the most indicated for inducing therapeutic effects associated with reduction of motor nerve conduction?

A. Cold water immersion

B. ice pack

C. ice massage

D. sauna therapy

cold water immersion

What rest time between sets is recommended for BFR for resistance training

A. 10 seconds

B. 30-60 seconds

C. 90 seconds

D. No rest time

30-60 seconds

When is theist beneficial time to do low load BFR post-op to reduce muscle atrophy?

A. 6 weeks

B. 12 weeks

C. 1-2 weeks

D. You should never do BFR post-surgery

1-2 weeks

What temperature is recommended for cold water immersion to reduce muscle soreness?

A. 32 degrees F

B. 57 degrees F

C. 98 degrees F

D. 78 degrees F

57 degrees F

in order to promote muscular hypertrophy with BFR, what percent range of 1RM should be utilized?

A. 20 - 40%

B. 10 - 30%

C. 50 - 80%

D. Should not be using % of 1 RM to diagnose intensity for hypertrophy

20-40%

For an extensor responder patient, how would they be positioned on the lumbar traction machine?

A. Right side-lying

B. Supine

C. Prone

D. Left side-lying

prone

Which of the following is the maximum LOP for the lower extremity to achieve muscular benefits?

A. 40% LOP

B. 20% LOP

C. 80% LOP

D. 100% LOP

80% LOP

A patient with congestive heart failure would best benefit from what kind of hydrotherapy?

A. Cold water immersion at 14C (57F) for 20 mins

B. Low temp sauna bathing at 60C (114F) for 15 mins

C. Contrast bathing 1 min in hot 1 min in cold for 6 minutes

D. warm water immersion to the shoulder at 40C (104F) for 15 mins

Low temp sauna bathing at 60C (114F) for 15 mins

What type of back pain is traction best for?

A. Non-Specific chronic low back pain

B. Low back pain with radicular symptoms

C. Low back pain with acute muscular spasms

D. Specific low back pain caused by a fracture

low back pain with radicular symptoms

In blood flow restriction (BFR) therapy, what areas of the limb show increased motor unit recruitment due to a hypoxic and metabolic environment created by the cuff?

A.Proximal to the BFR cuff

b. Distal to the BFR cuff

c. Deep to the BFR cuff

d. Both proximal and distal to the BFR cuff

Both proximal and distal to the BFR cuff

How does hydrotherapy help reduce muscle fatigue and soreness through its effects on the nervous system?

a. It decreases alpha motor neuron excitability, leading to muscle relaxation and reduced fatigue

b. It increases action potential amplitude to enhance motor unit firing and muscle recovery

c. It has no effect on motor neurons and only works through psychological distraction mechanisms

d. It overstimulates motor neurons, causing them to temporarily shut down

It decreases alpha motor neuron excitability, leading to muscle relaxation and reduced fatigue

Which of the following best describes the difference between a flexion responder and an extension responder when determining positioning for mechanical lumbar traction?

a. An extension responder benefits from supine traction with knees to chest, typically used in cases of radiculopathy

b. A flexion responder prefers prone traction to decompress posterior disc structures or alleviate impingement

c. A flexion responder benefits most from traction in supine with hips and knees sometimes flexed, typically used in conditions like spinal stenosis

d. There is no difference in positioning between flexion and extension responders during lumbar traction

A flexion responder benefits most from traction in supine with hips and knees sometimes flexed, typically used in conditions like spinal stenosis

Which of the following is the most appropriate placement for blood flow restriction (BFR) cuffs during lower extremity exercise?

a. Around the mid-calf

b. Just distal to the knee on the proximal tibia

c. As high as possible on the thigh

d. Directly over the patella

as high as possible on the thigh

Which of the following therapeutic modalities is most indicated and effective for inducing therapeutic effects associated with the reduction of motor nerve conduction?

Warm water immersion

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)

Cold water immersion

Therapeutic ultrasound

cold water immersion

For which of the following conditions is traction most commonly used in physical therapy?

Carpal tunnel syndrome

LBP with or without lumbar radiculopathy

OA of the hip

Fibromyalgia

LBP with or without lumbar radiculopathy

When doing BFR, what is the LOP when doing low load resistance on the lower extremity?

a. 50%

b. 80%

c. 35%

d. 90%

80%

How many feet (at minimum) must you be submerged in for water pressure to be higher than DBP, causing a fluid shift?

a. 3ft

b. 7 ft

c. 10 ft

d. 1 ft

3ft

If your patient is a flexion responder, they would most likely benefit from traction in what position?

a. Prone

b. Sidelying

c. supine

d. Seated

supine

When using BFR, limb occlusion pressure (LOP) for the lower extremity should be set at which value?

· A. 10-30 %

· B. 20-50 %

· C. 40-80%

· D. 60-90%

40-80%

Cold water immersion increases all of the following except?

· A. Metabolic Activity

· B. Cerebral Blood Flow

· C. Blood Pressure

· D. Heart Rate

cerebral blood flow

The patient presents with a flexion bias after a low back injury. How should the patient be positioned when performing lumbar traction?

· A. Seated

· B. Supine

· C. Prone

· D. Side-Lying

supine

Immersion to the level of the xiphoid process offloads approximately what percentage of a patient’s body weight?

A. 40%

B. 50%

C. 60%

D. 90%

60%

In Vanti et al.'s systematic review and meta-analysis, what conclusion was drawn regarding the effectiveness of mechanical lumbar traction for chronic low back pain (CLBP)?

A. It was not supported for use in patients with CLBP with or without leg symptoms

B. Strong evidence supports its use as a first-line intervention

C. It showed long-term improvements in pain and function over 12 months

D. It consistently outperformed standard physical therapy alone

Not supported for use in patients with CLBP with / without leg symptoms

According to Cognetti et al., what is the recommended limb occlusion pressure (LOP) when applying blood flow restriction (BFR) therapy to the upper extremity?

A) 20% LOP

B) 50% LOP

C) 80% LOP

D) 100% LOP

50% LOP

What is the appropriate number of reps for isometric BFR?

1. 45 second hold, 30 second hold, 30 second hold, 30 second hold

2. 60 second hold, 45 second hold, 30 second hold, 15 second hold

3. 45 second hold, 45 second hold, 45 second hold, 45 second hold

4. 30 second hold, 15 second hold, 15 second hold, 15 second hold

45 second hold, 30 second hold, 30 second hold, 30 second hold

While utilizing BFR, where should the cuff be placed?

1. Most distal part of the limb

2. In the middle of the limb

3. Most proximal part of the limb

4. Wherever the patient feels most comfortable

most proximal part of the limb

Which of the following effects of cold-water immersion therapy leads to a decrease in delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?

1. Decreased plasma lactate concentration

2. Increased plasma lactate concentration

3. Increased strength

4. Increased opioid tone

decreased plasma lactate concentration

What type of muscle contractions are suggested when utilizing BFR for neuromuscular stimulation for post-operative maintenance/preventative therapy of collegiate and professional athletes?

1. Concentric

2. Eccentric

3. Isometric

4. Isotonic

isometric

According to Judovich et. al, what amount of traction force should be used to obtain a separation between vertebrae?

1. 100%

2. 50%

3. 1%

4. 26%

26%

What type of surgery has BFR had the most research on in the post-operative recovery and has been most often utilized for?

1. ACL Reconstruction (ACLR)

2. Rotator Cuff Repair

3. Meniscal Repair

4. Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA)

ACL reconstruction

How does the temperature and pressure of the water in hydrotherapy affect pain/nociception?

1. They stimulate nociceptors, increasing pain transmission through peripheral and spinal pathways.

2. They desensitize peripheral chemoreceptors, reducing pain through inhibition of histamine release.

3. They block nociceptors by stimulating thermal and mechanoreceptors, modulating spinal segmental pathways.

4. They activate proprioceptors in muscle spindles, increasing motor output and indirectly enhancing pain sensitivity.

They block nociceptors by stimulating thermal and mechanoreceptors, modulating spinal segmental pathways.

What is considered to be “sham” traction?

1. Traction that uses manual hands-on techniques without equipment

2. Traction delivered at a force less than 25% of the patient’s body weight

3. Traction that is applied in the prone position instead of supine.

4. Traction using spinal decompression tables with segmental adjustments

Traction delivered at a force less than 25% of the patient's body weight

Which of the following best explains how Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) therapy enhances muscle hypertrophy even at low loads?

A. It increases the number of mitochondria in muscle cells through high-resistance training.

B. It promotes satellite cell proliferation and fast-twitch fiber recruitment under ischemic conditions.

C. It improves motor coordination and balance through neurological retraining.

D. It elevates calcium influx into muscles during passive range of motion.

It promotes satellite cell proliferation and fast-twitch fiber recruitment under ischemic conditions.

Cold water immersion (CWI) induces what biomechanical and physiological changes?

A. Decrease in cerebral blood flow

B. Decreases BP

C. Decreases metabolism

D. Decreases peripheral catecholamine concentrations

decrease in cerebral blood flow

What level of evidence supports the short-term effectiveness of lumbar traction?

A. High-quality, long-term studies

B. Moderate-quality with consistent results

C. Low to very low-quality evidence

D. No evidence available

low to very low quality evidence

For neuro stimulation BFR, what is the recommended hold and rest time for isometrics?

a. 30 sec, 15 sec, 15 sec, 15 sec with a 30 sec rest

b. 30 sec, 15 sec, 15 sec, 15 sec with a 60 sec rest

c. 45 sec, 30 sec, 30 sec, 30 sec with a 30 sec rest

d. 45 sec, 30 sec, 30 sec, 30 sec with a 60 sec rest

45 sec, 30 sec, 30 sec, 30 sec with a 30 sec rest

: What is the main goal/benefit for contrast bath?

a. Alternating vasodilation and vasoconstriction resulting in muscle pump

b. Increase Lactate production in both genders

c. Alternating vasodilation and vasoconstriction resulting in muscle fatigue

d. No evidence to support benefits of a contrast bath

Alternating vasodilation and vasoconstriction resulting in muscle pump

For the patients who have a decreased standing ability due to pain, what set up position is best for them in traction?

a. Prone

b. Side-Lying on same side as pain

c. Side -lying on opposite side of pain

d. Supine

supine

Leg immersion in warm water for 45 minutes before stretch-shortening exercise reduced most of the indirect markers of exercise induced muscle damage including which of the following?

A: Elevated core body temperature

B: Ligament laxity

C: Bone density loss

D: Muscle soreness

muscle soreness

Which is NOT a reason that traction has been justified clinically in the past?

A: To maximize treatment time (increased efficiency)

B: To improve lumbar range of motion

C: To reduce pain

D: To reduce disability

To maximize treatment time (increased efficiency)

Which of the following is a theory of blood flow restriction therapy?

A: Increases joint mobility without muscle contraction

B: Muscle strengthening using low-load resistance

C: improves flexibility using deep tissue massage

D: decreases heart rate during aerobic exercise

muscle strengthening using low load resistance

Hydrotherapy benefits the musculoskeletal system by:

A: increasing cortisol

B: muscle fiber breakdown to then boost strength gains

C: increasing joint mobility and range of motion

D: using cold water immersion on muscles before excessive to reduce pain

increasing joint mobility and ROM

Mechanical traction..

A: is a treatment well supported by evidence

B: may create some improvement when paired with physical therapy

C: is detrimental and should not be used

D: reverses degenerative disc disease in patients

may create some improvement when paired with physical therapy

In what population is passive BFR particularly useful?

A. Elite athletes training for power

B. Patients in the early stages of immobilization or post-op recovery

C. Healthy adolescents in strength training

D. Runners recovering from mild ankle sprains

Patients in the early stages of immobilization or post-op recovery

According to the article, what combination of treatment was found to demonstrate improvements in symptoms and QOL for patients with fibromyalgia?

A. Cold-water immersion and massage

B. Warm water foot bath and massage

C. Sauna therapy and underwater exercise

D. Sauna therapy and yoga

Sauna therapy and underwater exercise

Which of the following statements is true regarding hydrotherapy for the musculoskeletal system?

a. leg immersion in warm water for 45 min decreased exercise induced muscle damage and therefore improved voluntary performance

b. leg immersion in warm water for 45 min decreased exercise induced muscle damage

c. leg immersion in warm water for 45 min improved voluntary performance

d. leg immersion in warm water for 30 min decreased exercise induced muscle damage and therefore improved voluntary performance

leg immersion in warm water for 45 min decreased exercise induced muscle damage

The benefits of low load or no load BFR for the post-op rehab population includes all of the following except:

a. less muscle damage postexercise

b. hyperalgesia

c. decreased mechanical stress on joints

d. improved skeletal muscle maintenance

hyperalgesia

Which of the following is a physiologic effect of a superficial cold application?

a. decrease in local edema

b. increase in local metabolic function

c. increase in nerve conduction velocity

d. decrease in local anesthetic effects

decrease in local edema

When applying ice/cold water hydrotherapy to increase joint proprioception before exercise, where is it best to place it?

Only on the joint

On the muscles proximal to joint

On the muscles above and below the joint

On the joint and muscles above and below the joint

only on the joint

BFR is acceptable to use for these types of exercises except

Passive

Resistive

Plyometric

Aerobic

plyometric

What type of traction has better outcomes for cervical radiculating symptoms?

1. Continuous

2. Manual

3. Intermittent

4. None of the above

intermittent

Responses induced by cold are mainly due to

a. increased activity of the autonomic nervous system

b. decreased activity of the autonomic nervous system

c. increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

d. decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

increased activity of the SNS

What is the most indicated, effective modality for inducing therapeutic effects associated with the reduction of motor nerve conduction?

. a. electrical stimulation

b. cold water immersion

. c. vapocoolant

. d. ultrasound

cold water immersion

According to the Buckthorpe et al. article, warm water immersion improved functional reach in which of the following populations?

A. Paraplegic

B. Tetraplegic

C. Multiple Sclerosis

D. Parkinson's Disease

Parkinsons disease

According to the Cognetti et al. article, the general frequency prescription for BFR Low-Load Resistance Training (BFR-RE) is:

A. 3-5 BFR session per week, up to 2x daily in early rehab phases

B. 2-3 BFR session per week, up to 2x daily in early rehab phases

C. 1-2 BFR session per week, up to 3x daily in early rehab phases

D. 2-3 BFR session per week, maximum 1x daily in early rehab phases

2-3 BFR session per week, up to 2x daily in early rehab phases

According to the Buckthorpe et al. article, which of the following is NOT a benefit of cold water hydrotherapy?

A. Metabolic rate increase

B. Lowered HR

C. Lowered cortisol

D. Improved QOL and symptoms in OA

improved QOL and symptoms of OA

Which one of the following are NOT theorized to lead to muscular hypertrophy and strength adaptations with BFR?

A. Increased metabolic stress

B. Hormonal differences

C. Tearing and rebuilding of actin-myosin crossbridges

D. Early recruitment of type II fibers

tearing and rebuilding of actin-myosin crossbridges

Which is NOT a current form of BFR application

A. Low load resistance training

B. Anaerobic exercise

C. Passive movement

D. Neuromuscular stimulation

anaerobic exercise

Cold exposure has what effect on endocrine/hormonal system?

A. Release of human growth hormone (HGH) to increase bone density

B. Release of insulin to modulate blood sugar levels

C. Release of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) to increase fluid volume

D. Release of norepinephrine to stimulate an increase in HR

Release of norepinephrine to stimulate an increase in HR

True or False: Motor unit recruitment does not occur in the muscles proximal and distal to the area where BFR therapy is applied

False

What location of submersion would allow for a person's body weight to be off-loaded by 60% when using hydrotherapy?

a. Neck

b. Xiphoid

c. Umbilicus

d. Pubic symphysis

xiphoid

Which of the following is a contraindication to performing traction as a modality?

a. Rheumatoid Arthritis

b. Osteoporosis

c. Pregnancy

d. All of the above are contraindications

RA, Osteoporosis, Pregnancy

Which of the following is TRUE about blood flow restriction (BFR) therapy in rehabilitation?

A) It is only effective when combined with high-load resistance exercise.

B) It requires standardized, uniform cuff pressure for all patients.

C) It promotes muscle hypertrophy and recovery with low-load exercise

.D) It is unsafe for use in athletes recovering from surgery.

It promotes muscle hypertrophy and recovery with low-load exercise.

What is one evidence-based benefit of hydrotherapy for the musculoskeletal system?

A) Worsening of joint inflammation

B) Pain relief in arthritis and fibromyalgia

C) Increased nerve conduction velocity

D) Decreased physical function and mobility

Pain relief in arthritis and fibromyalgia

What did the systematic review conclude about adding mechanical lumbar traction to physical therapy for low back pain?

A) High-force traction was significantly superior to low-force traction.

B) Traction offered modest short-term pain relief regardless of type or intensity.

C) Traction had no clinical benefit at all.

D) Only decompression traction was effective in reducing disability.

Traction offered modest short-term pain relief regardless of type or intensity.

Which chemical increases the most as a result of cold-water immersion (14 degrees Celsius)?

A. Cortisol

B. Renin

C. Adrenaline

D. Dopamine

dopamine

Increased activation of muscles proximal to the site of occlusion with BFR is theorized to be a result of what?

A. Muscles distal to the site of occlusion fatigue quickly resulting in increased recruitment of proximal muscle groups

B. Blood can't get back to the heart resulting in moderate blood flow restriction in all muscle groups.

C. The body goes into a state of fight or flight which results in increased recruitment of proximal muscle groups

D. Proximal muscle groups do not show more engagement with BFR

Muscles distal to the site of occlusion fatigue quickly resulting in increased recruitment of proximal muscle groups

A patient with radiculopathy that responds to the Mackenize Back Program should be in what position during lumbar traction?

A. Supine

B. Prone

C. Side-lying

D. Hook-lying

prone

What are the current forms of BFR?

A. High-load resistance training, anaerobic exercise, passive BFR, neuromuscular stimulation

B. High-load resistance training, aerobic exercise, active BFR, neuromuscular stimulation

C. Low-load resistance training, aerobic exercise, passive BFR, neuromuscular stimulation

D. Low-load resistance training, anaerobic exercise, passive BFR, neuromuscular stimulation

Low-load resistance training, aerobic exercise, passive BFR, neuromuscular stimulation

When performing hydrotherapy, at what anatomical level of the human body is the activity of the erector spinae and rectus femoris muscles increased or equal to that of walking on dry ground?

A. Umbilical

B. Pubic symphysis

C. Sternal Angle

D. 12th rib

umbilical

According to a study concerning traction force, what is the minimum amount of force of the patient’s body weight (bw) that should be used to obtain a separation between vertebrae?

A. 28%

B. 24%

C. 30%

D. 26%

26%

The benefits of low load (or no load) BFR make them a great modality for which population? Pick the most correct option from the readings.

A. Elderly women

B. Young men

C. Post surgical pts (especially after knee surgery)

D. 18-25 yo athletes

post surgical pts (especially after knee sugery)

Which of the following scenarios has shown to reduce waist circumference and body fat in obese persons?

A. Aqua-jogging w/out caloric restrictions for 6 weeks

B. Cryoimmersion while doing quad sets for 5 minutes each day

C. Warm whirpool w/ no activity for 20 minutes per day

D. Mini squats in water for 3 x 10 sets.

Aqua-jogging w/out caloric restrictions for 6 weeks

Which type of traction was found to be significantly different based on studies?

A. Mechanical traction

B. No significant differences were found in results on pain/disability between traction types.

C. Low force traction

D. High force traction

No significant differences were found in results on pain/disability between traction types.

What type of muscle fibers are activated at lower loads under BFR conditions?

A. Type I slow-twitch fibers

B. Type II fast-twitch fibers

C. Smooth muscle fibers

D. Cardiac muscle fibers

Type II fast-twitch fibers

Compared to walking on dry ground, what is the effect of walking in water at umbilical depth on muscle activation?

A. It eliminates the need for core muscle engagement

B. Reduced activation of the erector spinae and rectus femoris

C. There is no significant difference in muscle activity

D. Increased activation of the erector spinae and rectus femoris

Increased activation of the erector spinae and rectus femoris

How long did the positive effects of traction typically last, according to the review?

A. Only 2 hours after treatment

B. Short-term only

C. Up to 12 months

D. Up to 2 years

short term only

True or False: The LOP needed for BFR on the UE must be greater than 80%.

False

Which of the following is a benefit of cold water hydrotherapy?

A. Vasodilation of vessels

B. Increase in amplitude, latency, and duration of action potential of a motor nerve

C. Increases in endorphins and noradrenaline in the blood and overall synaptic release of noradrenaline in the brain

D. Increase in muscle soreness

Increases in endorphins and noradrenaline in the blood and overall synaptic release of noradrenaline in the brain

Which of these is NOT an indication of traction?

A. Decrease pain

B. Decrease radiculopathy

C. Reduced muscle guarding

D. Increase muscle length

increase muscle length

What was the primary finding of the study on cupping therapy and ankle dorsiflexion?

A) Static cupping significantly reduced dorsiflexion range

B) Neither static nor dynamic cupping affected dorsiflexion

C) Both static and dynamic cupping increased dorsiflexion acutely, with dynamic cupping showing slightly greater improvement

D) Only static cupping improved dorsiflexion while dynamic reduced it

Both static and dynamic cupping increased dorsiflexion acutely, with dynamic cupping showing slightly greater improvement

Which of the following is a proposed benefit of utilizing cupping therapy?

a. Enhancing the blood flow circulation to the area

b. Lower lymphocyte count in the treatment area

c. Removal of toxins from the skin and interstitium

d. All of the above are benefits of cupping therapy

D. All of the above are benefits of cupping therapy

Which mechanism of pain reduction describes the phenomena of "one pain masks another" or "pain inhibits pain" to help explain cupping therapy?

a. Pain-Gate Theory

b. Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls

c. Reflex Zone Theory

d. Endogenous Opioid Release

diffuse noxious inhibitory controls

Which type of cupping led to clinically significant improvements in ankle dorsiflexion?

A. Static cupping

B. Dynamic cupping

C. Static sham

D. Dynamic sham

dynamic cupping

According to current evidence, what is the effect of dry needling (DN) on pain across different body regions at short-term follow-up?

A. DN only reduces pain in the upper extremities

B. DN is not effective for pain relief in any body region

C. DN shows strong evidence for pain reduction across all body regions in the short term

D. DN is only effective for chronic conditions after long-term use

DN shows strong evidence for pain reduction across all body regions in the short term

What type of cupping shows MOST promise for ROM improvement?

a. static cupping

b. dynamic cupping

c. static sham cupping

d. dynamic sham cupping

dynamic cupping

Which is NOT a theory for proposed mechanisms of action regarding cupping physiology?

a. Pain Reduction theories

b. Sodium-Potassium Theory

c. Immune System Activation Theory

d. Blood Detoxification Theory

Sodium-potassium theory

Dry needling is consistently superior to what other treatment in the effectiveness of pain reduction?

a. wet needling

b. laser therapy

c. dry needling should not be done for pain reduction

d. dry needling is not superior to other treatments in the effectiveness of pain reduction

dry needling is not superior to other treatments in the effectiveness of pain reduction

Based on the Umbrella review of dry needling, which body region was dry needling strongly recommended to decrease pain intensity

a. whole body

b. TMJ

c. Neck

d. Shoulder

neck

These are some theories of how cupping can affect the immune system except

a. Release of Nitric oxide theory

b. Activation of Immune system theory

c. blood detoxification theory

d. All of these theories showing cupping's effect on the immune system

D

True or False: Dynamic Cupping and Static cupping both showed equal amounts of AROM improvements in patients?

FALSE

The addition of movement during cupping therapy most closely resembles which type of stretching technique?

A. Ballistic

B. Static

C. Dynamic

D. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

PNF

(True/False)Dry needling demonstrates greater clinical effectiveness when combined with interventions such as therapeutic exercise, manual therapy, and neuromuscular re-education.

True