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What are the 3 parts of cell theory?
Living organisms are made up of cells.
Cells are the basic unit of life.
All cells come from pre-existing cells
What is spontaneous generation?
The idea that life can come from inorganic material.
What is the implication of the third statement in cell theory?
We can trace all our cells back to a zygote, and trace those back to LUCA
Was LUCA the first cell?
No! There were cells before LUCA.
When did life emerge?
3.8 BYA
How old was the Earth when life first emerged?
750 Million Years Old
What are the steps of the Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis?
Inorganic Molecules → Organic Molecules→ Polymerization→ Self-replicating Polymers→ Packing into Membranes
What did the Miller-Urey Exp test?
Step 1 of the Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis
What are the parts of the Miller-Urey Exp?
Flask of Water, Flask of gas, Condenser, Trap
What was the function of the flask of water in the Miller-Urey Exp?
Simulate Earth’s Oceans
What was the function of the flask of gasses in the Miller-Urey Exp?
Simulate Earth’s Atmosphere
Which gasses were in the Miller-Urey Exp?
Water, Methane, Ammonia, Hydrogen Gasses
What was the function of the condenser in the Miller-Urey Exp?
Simulate the water cycle of the Early Earth.
What was the function of the trap in the Miller-Urey Exp?
To collect the products of the rxn
What were the results of the Miller-Urey Exp?
Several organic molecules formed, including 2 amino acids
What is polymerization?
When monomers connect to make a chainlike polymer
Amino acids polymerize ____
Spontaneously
Fatty acids can polymerize when?
When there is a sufficiently high concentration
RNA nucleotides link together when?
They are exposed to a catalyst found in clay or water
What is the RNA world hyp?
RNA was the first method of genetic storage
Why is RNA world plausible?
RNA is able to self-replicate and form ribozymes
What is a ribozyme?
An enzyme-like structure made of RNA
Where are ribozymes still found in modern cells?
Ribosomes
Why is DNA more stable than RNA?
Deoxyribose is more stable, double strand enhances stability, Thymine is more resistant to mutations
Membranes can exist in what two forms?
Micelles & Bilayers
What was the first cell membrane likely made of?
Fatty Acid
Where are micelles found in day to day life?
Soap
How do micelles come together to form vesicles?
Multiple micelles merge into a flat sheet, which randomly curves around and merges into a vesicle
How did phospholipids form?
When glycerol, phosphate, & fatty acids are exposed to early Earth’s atmosphere, phospholipids form
How did protocells form?
Layers of membrane built up in the bottom of hydrothermal pools, in between which RNA can get trapped, and as the membrane lifts off, the RNA can turn trapped in vesicles
How do we know the genes of LUCA?
By comparing shared genes between Bacteria & Archea
How many genes were inherited from LUCA?
355
LUCA’s Genes indicate what?
That it was an obligate anaerobe which lived in extreme temperatures
What type of cell was LUCA? (Referring to how it gets its energy)
Chemoautotroph
Life most likely originated where?
Hydrothermal vents
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