Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1 Exam

Disease

Specific illness determined by signs & symptoms

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Stress

threats to homeostasis

Disorder

An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

Signs

observed indicators of a disorder EX: Temperature

Symptoms

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient. EX: Headache

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

Muscular System

Consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joint

Nervous System

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

Circulatory System

Transports oxygen, waste, nutrients, hormones, heat, etc... around the body

Lymphatic System

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.

Endocrine System

the body's chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Respiratory System

the organ system that brings oxygen to body cells and removes waste gas

Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

Urinary System

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Reproductive System

Reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells and female sex cells

Positive Feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output. EX: Childbirth

Negative Feedback

Feedback that tends to reverse a change EX: Sweating

Antomical Position

arms at side, palms facing forward

Superior/Cranial

above; toward the head

Inferior

below, towards the feet

Anterior

front; toward the breast

Posterior/Dorsal

back; toward butt

Medial

middle, toward the midline

Lateral

outside; away from midline

Proximal

closer; closer to the point of attachment

Distal

distant; away from the point from point of attachment

Superficial

shallow; near surface

Deep

deep; away from surface

Supine

lying on the back

Prone

lying face down

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

divides body into front and back

Transverse Plane

divides the body into upper and lower portions

Sagittal Plane

divides body into left and right

Mid-Sagittal Plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

Para-Sagittal Plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

Dorsal Cavity

includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

Cranial Cavity

contains the brain

Vertebral Cavity

contains the spinal cord

Ventral Cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic Cavity

contains heart and lungs

Abdominopelvic Cavity

includes both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Mediastinum

space between the lungs

Diaphragm

a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities

Parietal Membrane

membrane that lines the wall of a cavity

Visceral Membrane

covers viscera within cavities

Serous Fluid

lubricates the organs and allows them glide without friction

Quadrants of the abdomen

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

Right Hypochondriac Region

liver, gallbladder

Epigastric Region

located above the Umbilical region

Left Hypochondriac Region

diaphragm, spleen

Right Lumbar Region

right middle region near the waist

Umbilical Region

region of the bellybutton

Left Lumbar Region

left middle region near the waist

Right Illiac

The lower right corner

Hypogastric region

Below the Umbilical region

Left Iliac Region

lower left region corner

Four most common elements in the human body?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Nucleus

includes protons, neutrons.

Orbit/Shells

Electrons

Outer Shell/Valence Shell

The last occupied energy level. Contains valence electrons

Bohr Model

visual representation of electron distribution with 2 electrons in the first shell, 8 electrons filling the next two.

Atom

Basic unit of matter

Molecule

A two or more of the same kind of atoms bonded together

Compound

a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically combined

Ions

positively or negatively charged atoms

Cation

A positively charged ion

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Why do we need Ions?

They carry electrical currents, Make strong teeth and bones, Buffer blood

Ionic Bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

Electrolyte

When ions dissolve in solutions

Polar Bond

a covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally

Hydrogen Bonding

Bonds between hydrogen atom and oxygen atom of another water molecule

Synthesis Reaction

the combination of parts to make a whole EX: H and O make H2O

Decomposition Reaction

A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products.

Exchange Reaction

Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products

Reversible Reaction

a chemical reaction in which the products re-form the original reactants

Organic Compounds

Compounds contain carbon

Inorganic Compounds

Compounds that do not contain much carbon. Necessary from basic chemical reactions.

pH concept

-a measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration of a fluid

- pH\= -log[H+]

Acid

A substance with a pH less then 7

Base

A substance with a pH greater than 7

Neutral

pH of 7

Buffer

compound that resists changes in pH

Water in living things

chemical reactions depend on water, shape of cells depends on water, moderates temperature, carries substances in and out of cells

Organic Compounds in Living Things

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Saturated Fats

Fats that have no double bond and that are a solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated Fats

Fats that have a double bond and are a liquid at room temperature.

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharides

large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

RNA

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose