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Germ cells
Cells that divide through meiosis and contain haploid chromosomes.
Somatic cells
Cells that divide through mitosis and contain diploid chromosomes.
Interphase
The longest phase of the cell cycle
G1 phase
The phase before DNA synthesis in the cell cycle.
S1 phase
The DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle.
G2 phase
The phase after DNA synthesis, preparing the cell for division.
Prophase
The phase of cell division where nuclear material condenses, and the nuclear membrane disappears.
Metaphase
The phase where chromosomes align at the equatorial plate during cell division.
Anaphase
The phase where separated chromosomes move towards opposite poles attached to spindle fibers.
Telophase
The phase where two daughter cells are formed, and the nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear.
Cell membrane
The principal barrier regulating the inflow and outflow of substances in the cell.
Cytoplasm
The fluid medium within the cell.
Nuclear sap
The fluid medium found within the nucleus.
Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell that produces energy in the form of ATP through the Krebs cycle.
Lysosomes
Organelles that contain hydrolase enzymes for breaking down waste.
Peroxisomes
Organelles that contain oxidase or oxidative enzymes for detoxifying substances.
Hydrolase
An enzyme that destroys and neutralizes foreign agents entering the cell.
Oxidase
An enzyme that helps in the detoxification process within the cell.
Rough ER
The endoplasmic reticulum involved in protein synthesis for external use, characterized by granular protein.
Free ribosomes
Ribosomes suspended in the cytoplasm that synthesize proteins for internal use.
Smooth ER
The endoplasmic reticulum involved in the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates for internal use.
Golgi apparatus
The packaging center of the cell that prepares substances for exocytosis.
Centriole
A paired structure that helps form and guide spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis.
Vacuole
Rarely seen in animal cells. But if present, it holds minerals, proteins, and pigments.
Nucleus
The spheroidal structure at the center of the cell that contains chromosomes.
Chromosome
A structure composed of DNA found within the nucleus.
Porous nuclear membrane
The membrane that allows the entry and exit of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Nucleolus
A prominent spherical body within the nucleus involved in protein synthesis and containing RNA.
G1, S1, G2
The three sub-phases of Interphase
Cytosol
Fluid content in cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Spheroidal body inside the nucleus involved in protein synthesis and contains RNA
Porous Nuclear Membrane
Permits the entry and exit of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
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