CELLS

Germ cells

Cells that divide through meiosis and contain haploid chromosomes.

Somatic cells

Cells that divide through mitosis and contain diploid chromosomes.

Interphase

The longest phase of the cell cycle

G1 phase

The phase before DNA synthesis in the cell cycle.

S1 phase

The DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle.

G2 phase

The phase after DNA synthesis, preparing the cell for division.

Prophase

The phase of cell division where nuclear material condenses, and the nuclear membrane disappears.

Metaphase

The phase where chromosomes align at the equatorial plate during cell division.

Anaphase

The phase where separated chromosomes move towards opposite poles attached to spindle fibers.

Telophase

The phase where two daughter cells are formed, and the nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear.

Cell membrane

The principal barrier regulating the inflow and outflow of substances in the cell.

Cytoplasm

The fluid medium within the cell.

Nuclear sap

The fluid medium found within the nucleus.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell that produces energy in the form of ATP through the Krebs cycle.

Lysosomes

Organelles that contain hydrolase enzymes for breaking down waste.

Peroxisomes

Organelles that contain oxidase or oxidative enzymes for detoxifying substances.

Hydrolase

An enzyme that destroys and neutralizes foreign agents entering the cell.

Oxidase

An enzyme that helps in the detoxification process within the cell.

Rough ER

The endoplasmic reticulum involved in protein synthesis for external use, characterized by granular protein.

Free ribosomes

Ribosomes suspended in the cytoplasm that synthesize proteins for internal use.

Smooth ER

The endoplasmic reticulum involved in the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates for internal use.

Golgi apparatus

The packaging center of the cell that prepares substances for exocytosis.

Centriole

A paired structure that helps form and guide spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis.

Vacuole

Rarely seen in animal cells. But if present, it holds minerals, proteins, and pigments.

Nucleus

The spheroidal structure at the center of the cell that contains chromosomes.

Chromosome

A structure composed of DNA found within the nucleus.

Porous nuclear membrane

The membrane that allows the entry and exit of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Nucleolus

A prominent spherical body within the nucleus involved in protein synthesis and containing RNA.

G1, S1, G2

The three sub-phases of Interphase

Cytosol

Fluid content in cytoplasm

Nucleolus

Spheroidal body inside the nucleus involved in protein synthesis and contains RNA

Porous Nuclear Membrane

Permits the entry and exit of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm.