AP world History- Unit 7

1. Anti-Semitism

prejudice against Jews

Appeasement

the idea that Britain could pacify Germany and make sure there was no war at any cost

3. ANZAC:

Australian and New Zealand Army Corps; fought in a year-long bloody campaign at Gallipoli in northwestern Turkey that resulted in huge losses and little progress

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started World War I

Atlantic Charter

policy statement forged in 1941 by Britain and the US which set down goals for the post-war world

Axis Powers

alliances between Germany, Italy, and Japan

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for help in World War I

8. Battle of Britain:

an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance

Battle of Midway:

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers; marked a turning point in World War II

10. Battle of Stalingrad

10. : unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from

1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union

Benito Mussolini:

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy

12. Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I

Blackshirts

members of Italian fascists before WWII led by Mussolini which solidify Mussolini's control

Blitzkrieg:

"Lightning war", type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Bolshevik Revolution:

the overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire

Chiang Kai-shek:

took control of the Nationalist party in 1925 and initiated the Chinese Civil War when he attacked Mao's forces

Conscription

a compulsory military enlistment

Corporatism

a theory based on the idea that the sectors of the economy, including employers, trade unions, and state officials, are seen as separate parts of the same entity.

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Eisenhower led over a million troops and stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France; this was a turning point of World War II

Deficit Spending:

spending more than the government takes in; used to spur economic recovery

Destroyers-for-Bases Agreement

an agreement in which the US promised to deliver 50 destroyers in exchange for eight British air and naval bases in the Western hemisphere

Emiliano Zapata

Mexican revolutionary, champion of agrarianism, who fought in guerrilla actions during and after the Mexican Revolution

Fascism

a system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator; first found in Italy by Mussolini 2023 Timmins

Final Solution

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler that was decided at the Berlin conference

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan to establish lasting peace after World War I

Francisco "Pancho” Villa

Mexican revolutionary and military commander in Northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Diaz from power in 1911

Gavrilo Princip

the assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

pledge made on August 23, 1939 between the Germans and Soviets to not attack each other

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region

Great Depression:

a severe, world wide economic crisis which lasted from the end of 1929 to the outbreak of World War II

Great War

another name for World War I because of the immense, unprecedented scale of fighting

Gulags

labor camps under Stalin where many people died; political opponents of Stalin were often sent to these labor camps

Guernica

a town in northern Spain that was the target of German and Italian bombing during the Spanish Civil War which targeted civilians

Heinrich Himmler

leader of the Nazi special police (SS) who oversaw the forced removal of Gypsies from their homes

Holocaust

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

Hypernationalism

a belief in the superiority of one's nation over all others and the single-minded promotion of national interests

Inflation

a general rise in prices; the printing of money after World War I in Germany caused the value of their money to decrease drastically

Institutional Revolutionary Party

PRI; the political party that dominated Mexico for most of the time since its founding in 1929

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption

Kolkhoz

collectives organized by Stalin; a group of peasants joined together to farm a certain portion of land

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews

Kuomintang:

the Chinese Nationalist party led by Sun Yat-sen

League of Nations

international organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join; proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Long March

the year-long, 6,000 mile retreat of Mao's forces into northern China after being attacked by Chiang Kai-shek's forces in 1934

Lost Generation:

a term used to describe those suffering from the shock of World War I

Luftwaffe

Germany's air force

Machine Guns

guns developed in the late 1800s that could fire over 500 rounds a minute; they made it difficult for any side to gain territory in battle

Manchuria

with a base in Korea, the Japanese moved into Manchuria and pushed out the Russians, Manchuria proved to be an invaluable foothold in China

Mandate System

a system established through the League of Nations that allowed for the Allies to rule the colonies and territories of the Central Powers

Mao Zedong

leader of the Chinese Communist party and founder of the People's Republic of China in 1949

March First Movement

a series of protests for Korean national independence from Japan that began on March 1, 1919

May Fourth Movement

anti-Japanese demonstrations held by Chinese intellectuals and workers beginning on May 4, 1919

55.Mexican Revolution: a war from 1911 to 1920 in which Mexican reformers from the middle class

joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Diaz

56.Militarism: aggressive military preparedness that celebrates war and the armed forces

57. Mohandas Gandhi: leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent

resistance

58. Munich Conference: 1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by

turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand

Germany's territory any further

59.Mustafa Kemal: Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the first President of Turkey

60.Nationalism: political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community

defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory

61. Nazis: German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war.

When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and

an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule

62.Neville Chamberlain: Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1940 who was famous for appeasing

Hitler at the Munich Conference

63.New Deal: the name of President Roosevelt's program for bringing the United States out of the

depression

64.New Economic Plan: policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the

Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and

replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans

65.No Man's Land: a strip of land between the trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front

during World War I

66.Nuremberg Laws: placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews,

attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or

publishing books

67.Omar al-Bashir: autocratic leader of Sudan since 1989 who was accused of genocide and

participated in agreement for a South Sudan

68.Pan-Arabism: an ideology that called for the unification of all lands in North Africa and the Middle

East

69.Paris Peace Conference: organized by the victors of WWI to negotiate the peace treaties between

the Allied and Central Powers

70.Pearl Harbor: the surprise air attack by the Japanese on the US naval base in Hawaii on December

7,1941

71. Porfirio Diaz: was elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated Mexican politics for 35 years

while imposing a strong central government

72. Propaganda: ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause

73. Rape of Nanjing: a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the Chinese city of Nanjing.

During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000-80,000 women

were raped by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army

74. Ration: restrict the consumption of a relatively scarce commodity, as during war

75. Red Terror: officially began in September 1918, following attempts on the lives of several Bolshevik

leaders, including Lenin. Government decrees gave the Chekа almost unlimited authority and set

up forced labor camps to incarcerate those considered enemies

76.Reparations: as part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to

repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly led to a severe depression in Germany