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mesoamerica; andes
the centers of civilization in the americas were located in ___ and the ___
ethnic/linguistic diversity
the enormous range of climates contributed to ___/___ ___
aztecs
the ___ inherited an ancient set of cultural, religious, and pol. traditions from civilizations in mexico to northern central america
aspects of aztec society and culture
aztec agricultural technology was devoted to raising maize, beans, peppers, & squash; the economy was based on market exchange; common ritual calendar; heiroglyphic writing
aztec religion
a pantheon of male & fem deities, human sacrifice, ceremonial centers, time seen as a cosmic cycle of creation/destruction
maya artistic & intellectual achievements
urban centers of temples, pyramids, palaces, public plazas, painted murals, stone carvings, elaborate writing system of pictographs & phonetic symbols; math system including zero & place notation for complex calculations
fragmented; central gov
the mayan political system was ___; city-states, kingoms, etc. at frequent war w/ no ___ ___; thrived until collapse by 900
aztec empire
last & largest mesoamerican state to emerge before spanish conquest in 1500s
mexica
the aztec empire started w the ___ people, semi-nomads from north mexico who migrated south; est. on island in lake texcoco by 1325
military; mercenaries; marriage alliances
over the next century after settling, the mexica people developed their ___ capacity, served as ___, negotiated ___ ___, and built their capital tenochtitlan
triple alliance
1428 alliance between mexica & 2 nearby city-states, launching a military conquest that unified more of mesoamerica than ever before
descent; continuity
aztec authorities claimed ___ from earlier mesoamerican peoples, emphasizing the ___ of mesoamerican civilization
effects of the aztec empireās structure
5-6M people; loosely structured & unstable, making it subject to frequent rebellions by people it conquered
imperial tribute collectors
aztec subjects were required to give their rulers massive quantites of goods, and the process was overseen by local ___ ___ ___
commercialization
tenochtitlan had impressive architectural features, and its marketplaces reflected the ___ of the aztec economy
human sacrifices
slaves played a big role as ___ ___, an important part of aztec culture
sun
the ___ was central to all life; it lost energy in its constant battle against the encroaching darkness and needed to refuel with the life-giving force in human blood
blood; capture
the high calling of the aztec empire was to supply ___ for deities through its wars of expansion; this ideology shaped war tactics, emphasizing ___ instead of killing
priests; rulers
as the aztec empire grew, ___ & ___ became mutually dependentāhuman sacrifices in the service of politics
conquest; colonization; trade
coastline deserts, pacific ocean, & mountains had numerous ecological values that were sought by andean societies through ___, ___, or ___
quechua
in the 1400s, ___-speaking people built their empire along hte andes; like the aztecs, they drew on earlier trads & cultures, but their state was much larger
modestly; conquest
both the incas and the aztecs started ___ & grew quickly through ___, but otherwise they were very different
alone; tribute
aztec rulers left conquered peoples ___ if they gave the required ___
fluid; emperor; governors
inca rulers were more ___, with the divine ___ at the top and ___ leading the 80 provicnces in a fluid system
resources; land; templres; elites; traditional
the inca state theoretically owned all ___ & ___, but in practice state lands (ālands of the sunā) existed alongside properties owned by ___, ___, & ___ communities
incorporated
in central regions, local officials were ___ into the inca administration, supervised by an inca governor or the emperor
check; provincial officials
a separate set of inca āinspectorsā provided the imperial center w/ independent ___ on the ___ ___
quipus
knotted cords that served as incan accounting devices; they recorded births, deaths, marriages, population data, etc
resettlement program
an incan procedure that relocated at least Ā¼ of the population to disperse the conquered & resentful, as well as to reward loyal followers w/ new opportunities
quechua; cuzco
the leaders of conquered ppls were required to learn ___; their sons were removed to the capital ___ to learn inca culture & language
inca deities
subjects of the incas were required to acknowledge the major ___ ___ but were otherwise free to continue their local religious traditions
labor service
inca demanded not tribute but ___ ___(mita), required periodically of all households
sun farms; skilled
inca laborers worked on ā___ ___ā or state farms, herded, mined, served in military, or worked on construction; ___ workers worked in their respective niches
chosen women
most skilled workers were the ā___ ___ā, removed from homes in youth, trained in inca ideology, & produced corn beer & cloth; later given as wives to distinct men or served as priestesses (āwives of the sunā)
feasts; disasters
in return for labor, inca ideology required the state to arrange large ___ & provide necessities during ___
gender parallelism
both the aztec & inca practiced ā___ ___ā, a system that existed in societies before both empiresāmen & women operated in separate but equal spheres, each gender enjoying autonomy in its own sphere
inca male roles
men claim descent from fathers; worshipped sun; hierarchies of male political officials
inca female roles
women claim descent from mothers; worshipped moon; hierarchies of female political officials
aztec gender roles
children belong to both parents; M&F priests conducting rituals for deities of both sexes; fem officials had local authority
domestic
aztec & incan social rules were clearly defined & different, but the ___ roles of women were not seen as inferior
broke ground; sowed; harvested
in the andes, men ___ ___, women ___, and both ___
sweeping
the aztecs saw ___ as a sacred act of purification against evil
ideas/technology; savages
isolation from afroeurasia meant there was no exchange of ___/___ with the Americas; settlers thought the lack of features common in their cultures indicated that those in the Americas were ā___ā
wheels; draft animals
the americas did not use ___ or ___ ___ because of the mountainous terrain
written; unifying; disease
the americas had few ___ languages, no ___ religion, and little exposure to ___, again because of the mountainous terrain that isolated societies
integrated; expansion
the aztec economy ran on corn, chinampas, tribute, and trade; its government never ___ the empire and ___ was key, fueling power, feeding economy, and providing sacrifices
militaristic; benefit
the incas functioned almost exactly the opposite of the ___ aztecs; they were a ___-based, not threat-based, society
incan socialism
gov allowed separated peoples to get the goods/food they needed from each other