PET3322L Exam 2

Gyrus

Bump or Fold

Sulci

Indent or Groove

Functional Areas within Frontal Lobe

Reasoning, motor control, emotion, language

Functional Areas within Parietal Lobe

processing information from body's senses

Functional Areas within Temporal Lobe

involved in hearing, memory, emotion, and some language

Functional Areas within Occipital Lobe

visual processing center

3 parts of the brain stem

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

Cerebrospinal Fluid Functions

baths brain and spinal cord, provides protection

First part of Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow

CSF is produced by choroid plexuses of each of the four ventricles

Second part of Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow

CSF from the lateral ventricles flow into the third ventricle

Third part of Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow

CSF from the third ventricle flows into the fourth ventricle

Fourth part of Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow

From the fourth ventricle, some CSF enters the central canal. Other CSF enters the subarachnoid space

Fifth part of Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow

CSF in the subarachnoid space flows to the arachnoid granulations, to the superior sagittal sinus, where it enters the venous circulation

3 parts of the diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Meningeal layers

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Nerve root

initial segment (axon) of nerve leaving the central nervous system

Ventral root

contain motor neuron axons

Dorsal roots

contain sensory neuron axons

Spinal nerve

fusion of dorsal and ventral roots

Ramus

division of spinal nerve with mix of sensory and motor fibers

Dorsal rami

serve skin and musculature of posterior trunk

Ventral rami

combine to form nerves plexuses (complex networks) which diverge again

How many Pairs of Spinal Nerves

31

cervical nerves

8 pairs

Thoracic nerves

12 pairs

Lumbar Nerves

5 pairs

Sacral Nerves

5 pairs

coccygeal nerve

1 pair

Where does spinal nerves arise from?

Dorsal and Ventral roots then immediately divide into rami

Where does nerve plexuses arise from?

Ventral rami

What are the 4 main plexuses

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

Cervical Plexus

C1-C5

Brachial Plexus

C5-T1

Lumbar Plexus

L1-L4

Sacral Plexus

L4-S4

What are the five major peripheral nerves of the Brachial Plexus?

Axillary, Radial, Musculocutaneous, Ulnar, Median

Axillary

Muscle and skin of shoulder

Radial

Posterior (extensor) muscles of arm, forearm, and hand and Skin of posterolateral surface of entire limb

Musculocutaneous

Flexor muscles of anterior arm and Skin of anterolateral forearm

Ulnar

Flexor muscles of anterior forearm and Skin of medial hand

Median

Flexor muscles of anterior forearm and hand and Skin of lateral hand

Cervical Plexus Function

Serve muscles of shoulder and neck

Cervical Plexus innervates

Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm

Lumbar Plexuses Function

serve the abdominopelvic region and anterior thigh

Lumbar Plexuses Innervates

Anterior thigh muscles and skin of anteromedial surface of entire limb (femoral nerve)

Sacral Plexus

serve the buttock, posterior surface of the thigh, and all sensory and motor fibers of the leg and foot

Major Nerve of Sacral Plexuses

Sciatic Nerve

What are the 2 types of heart valves?

atrioventricular and semilunar

Atrioventricular consist of

Mitral and Tricuspid

semilunar valves

pulmonary valve and aortic valve

Pericardium functions

-prevents undesired movement

-prevents overfilling of the heart

-reduces friction

Tunica Intima

endothelium

Tunica Media

smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Tunica Externa

collagen fibers

First step of Intrinsic Conduction system

the sinoatrial (SA) node generates impulses

Second step of Intrinsic Conduction system

The impulses pause (0.1 sec) at the atrioventricular (AV) node

Third step of Intrinsic Conduction system

the atrioventricular (AV) bundle conducts the impulses to the bundle branches

Fourth step of Intrinsic Conduction system

the bundle branches conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum

Fifth step of Intrinsic Conduction system

the subendocardial conducting network depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles

ECG P wave

atrial depolarization, initiated by SA node, causes the P wave

ECG second sequence

Atrial depolarization complete, the impulse is delayed at the AV node

ECG QRS wave

Ventricular depolarization begins at apex, causing the QRS complex. Atrial repolarization occurs

ECG 4th sequence

Ventricular Depolarization is complete

ECG T wave

Ventricular repolarization begins at apex, causing the T wave

ECG sixth sequence

Ventricular Repolarization is complete