AP HUG Chapter 11 Vocab - Service and Industry

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods (starting in Great Britain)

Deindustrialization

Moving industrial jobs to other regions (Great Lakes Manufacturing Belt to Rust Belt)

Sunbelt

Area of Southern United states that experienced population growth after the deindustrialization of the Great Lakes region

New international division of labor

Transfer of some types of jobs (especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers) from MDCs to LDCs; the whole world is a labor pool (leads to outsourcing)

Vertical integration

When one company controls all aspects of its production process

Offshore

The practice of outsourcing operations overseas, usually by companies from industrialized countries to less-developed countries, with the intention of reducing the cost of doing business

Outsourcing

Moving labor and secondary economic activity to a different country (Nike)

Maquiladora

Factories built by the U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico

Locational interdependence

Competitors will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base (Hotelling’s Model)

Agglomeration

The clustering of like-minded industries, activities, and people for mutual advantage (cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources) (Hotelling’s Model)

Technopole (Also known as High Tech Corridors or Growth Poles)

Area where tech and computer industries agglomerate (brain gain)

Deglomeration

Separation of agglomerated industries due to negative effects and high costs

Least Cost Theory

States that the optimum location of a manufacturing firm is explained in terms of cost minimization

Break-of-bulk point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another

Bulk-gaining industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs (beer) (Least Cost Theory)

Bulk-reducing industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs (copper, paper) (Least Cost Theory)

Distance decay

As the distance between two places increases, the interaction between those two places decreases

Friction of distance

Movement incurs some form of cost, in the form of physical effort, energy, time, and/or the expenditure of other resources, and these costs are proportional to the distance traveled

Fordist production

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly; the production of consumer goods at a single site

Post-Fordist production

Goods are not mass-produced at a single site (companies outsourcing production)

Site factors

A part of locational criteria related to the costs of business production (land, labor, capital - i.e. rivers, port cities, coal)

Situation factors

A part of locational criteria related to the features of a location’s surrounding area and the costs of transportation (relation to other places, regional/global trade)

Variable costs

A part of locational criteria related to costs that changes based on the level of output that a business produces (energy, transportation, resources, friction of distance)

Demand

The quantity of something that consumers are willing and able to buy

Supply

quantity of something that producers have available for sale

Recycling

To convert waste into a reusable material (use again)

Remanufacturing

The rebuilding of a product to the specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts

Sanitary landfill

A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gasses and odors from the decaying trash, minimize fires, and discourage vermin

Pollution

Contamination of the air, water, or land

Point-source pollution

Any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants are discharged, such as a pipe, ditch, ship or factory smokestack

Air pollution

concentration of trace substances and solid particles at a greater than normal level

Ozone

A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation

Fission

The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy

Fusion

Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium

Active Solar Energy

Solar radiation captured with photovoltaic cells that convert light energy to electrical energy

Geothermal energy

Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks

Fossil fuel

A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms

Renewable energy

Energy sources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale (sunlight, wind, water, geothermal heat)

Nonrenewable energy

A source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted

Potential reserve

A supply of energy that is undiscovered but thought to exist

Proven reserve

A supply of energy remaining in deposits that have been discovered

Cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution

Just-in-time delivery

Keeping on hand just what you need; new deliveries every few days

Labor-intensive industry

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses

Primary industrial regions

Areas with the largest agglomeration of industries (Europe, N America, E Asia, Russia and Ukraine)

Right-to-work law

A law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment