Philosophy (Methods of truth, Kinds of truth)

Give the 15 kinds of truth

• Empirical

• Rational

• Synthetic

• Analytic

• Contingent

• Necessary

• Private

• Public

• Subjective

• Objective

• Universal

• Relative

• Deductive

• Inductive

• Disciplinal

what is empirical and rational truth?

• Empirical – means of experience, 5 senses

• Rational – means of reason

what is Synthetic and Analytic truth?

• Synthetic – extends our knowledge

• Analytic – does not extend our knowledge

what is contingent and necessary truth?

• Contingent – not true in all possible situations

• Necessary – true in all possible situations

what is private and public truth?

• Private – only known by the person who makes the statement or has the belief

• Public – can be known by everyone

what is subjective and objective truth?

• Subjective –  dependent on the attitude

• Objective – factual judgment

what is universal and relative truth?

• Universal – acknowledged by everyone

• Relative – acknowledged by some people

what is deductive and inductive truth?

• Deductive – certain 

• Inductive – probable

what is disciplinal truth?

• Disciplinal – religious, scientific, psychological, biological, & economic truth

what is a statement?

• linguistic expression, they make claims

• philosophers call them propositions

what is a belief?

• it is the mental expressions of our claims

what is an opinion?

an opinion is an unjustified belief that ma turn out to be true

what is a guess?

the person claims to know something without any evidence

fill in the blanks:

In an opinion, a person claims to ______ a certain event based on ____________________ evidence

In an opinion, a person claims to know a certain event based on little or insufficient evidence

Observation (perception)

- a statement that is an observable

fact in the world

Internal Observation (introspection)

-observation of own thoughts and

feelings

External Observation

- observation of things "outside our

mind or consciousness" using our five

senses.

Reasoning

- process of knowing the truth by

means of reason.

- can be done in variety of ways

• testing for coherence.

• process of proving the truth of

a statement of belief on the

basis of another statement or

belief.

Intuition

-uses in the area of ethics, arguing for

instance, that we immediately know.

Mystical Experience

-provides the person having the

experience some means of knowing

something that cannot be known

using the usual methods of

observation by our organs.

Appeal to Authority

-required observation or reasoning to

know a truth may have already been

done and documented by someone

else.

- may take the form of a testimony of

a reliable eyewitness, information

provided by experts and reliable

documents among others.

Conditions of knowledge

• referring to the things that

should occur

• knowledge vs. non-knowledge.

• we shall first determine the kind

of knowledge that deals with

the truth

4 Forms of Knowledge

Knowledge by Acquaintance ·

Practical Knowledge

Propositional Knowledge

Opinion