Biology 101 Chapters 1-3

Biology

the science that studies living organisms

Molecule

2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Atom

Smallest particle of an element

Emergent Properties

New properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

Form Fit Function

-How something works correlated to structure

-example bird wings = hollow bones to create lighter weight

All Cells have...

-A membrane

-use DNA for genetic information

Cell division is ...

basic for growth and repair

Uncontrolled cell division is called...

Cancer

When a single-cell divides it is called...

Reproduction

The continuation of life is based on...

HERITABLE information from DNA

Name three domains of species

Bacteria, Archea, Eurkaya

Bacteria

single-cell, small, prokaryayotic

Archea

live in extreme environment, prokaryayotic

Eurkaya

single and multi-cell

What is universal in all organisms?

DNA

Evolution

Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Science Process is....

Question,Obscene, Experiment, Answer, Data, Analysis, Conculsion

Data

Any pieces of information acquired through observation or experimentation.

Qualitative

Characaterisitcs, feelings, and obsevations

Quantitative

Number, Things you can measure

Hypotheses

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

Controlled Experiments

An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time.

Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

Living Organism features.....

Growth, Movement, Breathing, Reproduction, Excretion, Sensitivity

Hierarchy of Living Things

Biosphere, Ecosystem, Communities. Population, Organism, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Molecules, Atoms

Natural Selection in Biological Diversity

By the most fit of a species surviving it causes a change in how the species evolves and how its characteristics are changed

Discovery Science

describes natural structures or processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and data collection

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space, made up of elements

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical or physical means

Compound

Mixture consisting of 2 or more different elements

Living Things made up of....

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen (CHNO)

Minor Things make up living things...

Phosphorus, Sulfur, Calcium,Potassium (PSCaK)

Neuron

Neutral Charge, In Nucleus

Proton

Positive Charge, Nucleus

Electron

Negative Charge, Valence Shell

Atomic #

# of Protons

Atomic Mass

# protons + # of electrons

Valence Shell

2 inner circle filled

8 outer circles filled

Mass # - Atom # =

Neuron #

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. Different mass #, same atomic #

Interactions between atoms is...

Chemical Reaction

Colvalent Bond

Electrons shared by two atoms

Polar Colvalent

the bond between cells that occurs when a negative region of one cell attracts to a positive region of another

Held together by strong Colvalent Bonds

Proteins, Nucleic Acids and Lipids

Non-Polar Colvalent

imply that two electrons are shared equally by the 2 atoms

Electronegativity

Atom's ability to attract and hold electrons.

Stongest = Oxygen

Ion

Charged Atom

Hydrogen Bond

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

Cohesion

Water sticking to water

Adhesion

Water sticking to something else

Solvent

Substance that does the dissolving

Solute

A substance that is dissolved

Solution

Mixture of Solute and Solvent

Aqueous Solution

A solution in which water is the solvent

Dissolve

Where break the water bonds within a molecule

Water can bond with which type of atoms?

Both Positive and Negative charged

Acid

Abundance of H atoms

Hydrogen _______ in Acid, pH _________

INCREASES, DECREASES

Hydrogen ________ in a Basic, pH _________

Decreases, Increases

Buffers

Minimizes changes in pH

Ionic Bonds

Bonds that require DONATING and ACCEPTING electron

Carbon based molecules are called:

Organic Compound

One of simplest compound of carbon

Methane (CH^4)

Carbon can form _____ colvalent bonds with variety of atoms

FOUR

Hydrocarbons

Hydrogen + Carbon, Non-polar, Insoluable

Seven Important Functional Group

Methyl, Hydroxyl, Cabonyl, Carboxal, Animo, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate

Methyl

-DNA

-Non-polar

-Steriod

H

|

------C-------H

|

H

Hydroxyl

-Polar

-Alcohol = Ehtnlyol

--------OH

Carbonyl

-Polar

-Simple Sugars

------C = O

\

? (varies)

Carboxyl

-Polar, Acidic

-Fatty Acids and Amino Acids

------C=O

\

OH

Phosphate

-Polar, Acidic

-Lipids in cell membrane

-DNA & RNA = Sugar = Phosphate backbone

O

||

-----O-----P-----O

|

O

Amino Acid

-Polar, Basic

-Part of Amino Acids

H

/

-----------N

\

H

Sulfhydryl

-Polar

-Important in Protein structure

------------SH

Four large biological molecules (Marcomolecules)

Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids

Marcomolecules

Large molecules

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

What is not a polymer due to the macromolecules are not all the same?

Lipids

Commonly proteins are only made from...

20 different amino acids

Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hyrdolysis

breaking of polymers by adding water

Carbohydrates

-Monomer: Monosaccharides

-Polymer: Polysaccharides

-Function: Main fuels for cellular work

-Examples: Glucose

-Forms: Rings

Disaccharides

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharides

A molecule formed by joining many monosaccharides together. POlysaccharides are typically energy-storage molecules (glycogen in animals, starch in plants) or structural molecules (cellulose in plants, chitin in exoskeletons).

Starch

Storage in plants

Cellulose

A large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls.

Enzymes

Catalyze Reactions (speed it up)

Chitlin

a tough structural polysaccharide forms the internal skeleton of insects and cell walls of fungi

Lipids

Monomer: Differ

Polymer: NO

Function: Long term storage

Example: Fats

Lipids are made up of hydrocarbon and are...

Hydrophobic

Important to Lipids

Fats, Steroids and Phosolipids

Fats are made up of:

Glycerol and Fatty acids

Saturated Fat

Max # of hydrogen and NO double bonds

Oils

Unsaturated fats

Double bonds which caused kinks

Animal Fat

Hydrogenation creates?

Trans Fat

Adipose Tissue

Cushions vital organs and insulates the body

Amphipathic

two regions, one polar and one non-polar

Example: phosolipid

Phospholipid Bilayer

Forms a circle and cell membrane

Non-polar can enter membrane

Proteins

Monomer: Amino Acids

Polymer: Polypeptide

Function: Structure, storage, movement

Example:

R Group

a functional group that defines a particular amino acid and gives it special properties.

Hemoglobin

4 polypeptides together