5AP World History Modern Unit 5 (1750-1900)

Popular sovereignty

Notion that political authority resides not in kings, but rather in people who make up a society

Sovereignty

Political supremacy and the authority to rule within a nation's borders

Second Treatise of Civil Government

Written by John Locke; held that government arose when people decided to work together, form a civil society and appoint rulers to protect natural rights. Anyone who violated these rights had the right to be overthrown.

John Locke

English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Also believed that people had the right to overthrow unjust governments

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Wrote the book The Social Contract based on the belief that people give up some of their freedoms for the good of the community. When you do this, the individual is then protected by the community but is still free.

Baron de Montesquieu

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom.

Voltaire

French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government and pushed for toleration of religious beliefs.

Natural Rights

Rights that are granted at birth and can't be taken away; according to John Locke - life, liberty and property

Social Contract

Written by Rousseau. States that you give up your personal sovereignty in exchange for protection.

Separation of Powers

Belief of Montesquieu that the best government should be balanced among three separate branches of power - executive, legislative & judicial

French and Indian War

A conflict in North America from 1754 to 1763 that was a part of a worldwide struggle (Seven Years War) between France and Britain; Britain defeated France and gained French Canada. The British expected the American colonists to pay for the war.

Reasons for American Revolution

Causes: Excessive taxation post French Indian War including the Revenue Act & Tea Tax, "No taxation without representation", Enlightenment principles of freedom, equality and popular sovereignty.

American Declaration of Independence

A statement written mainly by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the 2nd Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. It stated that it was the right of the people to overthrow unjust governments. Document outlines offenses by Britain and closes with a statement of independence.

Loyalists

Colonists who supported Britain during the American Revolution (also known as a Tory)

Patriots

American colonists who wanted independence from Britain

The Peace of Paris of 1783

Great Britain officially recognizes US as an independent country; the Mississippi River becomes the US boundary; ends American Revolution

American Revolution

Fight between the American colonists and Britain for independence. Results in American victory and formation of the United States of America

Nation

Refers to a type of community that is a distinctive group of people speaking a common language, customs, values and historical experiences.

Nationalism

Intense feelings of a national identify; loyalty to a political entity or country

ancien regime

(Old Regime) The conservative social and political order in Europe before the French Revolution

Reasons for the French Revolution

Causes: Economic Problems - War debts from Seven Years War/French Indian War & support of American colonists in American Revolution, Social conditions of commoners - poor/starving Gap between rich & poor, Enlightenment ideals

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

First Estate

In France, the upper class made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. Less than 1% of the population and paid no taxes.

Second Estate

In France, the class made up of the nobility. Less than 2% of the population and paid no taxes.

Third Estate

The commoners of France made up of 3 groups: The lowest class was made up of peasants/serfs, the townsfolks or urban workers and the wealthiest lower class was the bourgeoisie made up of merchants, bankers, and business men. The Third Estate is 98% of the population and had extensive taxes.

National Assembly of France

The Third Estate renamed themselves this to represent the people and nation as a whole. They would not disband until new Constitution was put into practice in France.

Tennis Court Oath

Declaration made by members of Third Estate (National Assembly) not to disband until they had drafted a constitution for France (June 20, 1789).

Storming of the Bastille

Symbolic event of the French Revolution when the Third Estate sacked the Bastille (which was a large armory and state prison in the center of Paris) on July 14, 1789; Gave the masses arms for the French Revolution. Still celebrated today as the French holiday Bastille Day.

King Louis XVI

Inherited the French Monarchy @ age 15 along with Marie Antoinette, of Austria. Completely ineffective, incurred huge debts through court expenses and aiding the American Revolution; Eventually went to the guillotine.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Revolutionary ideals of the National Assembly which outlined how citizens had natural rights, declared people the equality of all men and declared that the sovereignty resided in the people.

"Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity"

Goals of the National Assembly; slogan of the French Revolution

French Convention

New legislative body elected by universal male suffrage, which abolished the monarchy and established a republic. Rallied population for universal conscription (drafted males) to fight against royalty and foreign invaders.

Guillotine

A new machine invented to humanely execute victims by a quick severing of a victim's head; Killed Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette; Also used to kill French citizens if they were accused of any form of crime during the Reign of Terror.

Jacobin Party

A radical political group who had the goal to see changes in the government/social order of France; Wanted a republic; Wanted to eliminate influence of Christianity, changed calendar and ended religious holidays.

Reign of Terror

A nine-month period (late 1793 to mid 1794) that was organized by Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety to suppress any potential enemies of the radical revolution. Known for 40,000 deaths and mass executions.

Maxilmilien Robespierre

Leader of the Jacobin Reign of Terror; Convinced the people that the King needed to be guillotined in order for the Revolution to be a success; Killed thousands of people "for liberty"; Executed publicly

Committee of Public Safety

12 leaders chosen by the National Convention to help solve crises; Defended France from Austria, Prussia and other foreign countries after the kings death; Started the Reign of Terror

The Directory

(1795-1799) - The five-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Skilled military general who supported the French revolution; Came to power by being involved in a coup against the Directory; First Consul of France; Later declared himself emperor and established an empire that stretched from Spain to Poland. After defeats in Trafalgar and Russia, he was exiled, but returned to power in 1815 for one hundred days. He was defeated at Waterloo.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars sparked by the French Revolution and later led to Napoleon's French Empire; Spread revolutionary ideas and laws and helped develop feelings of nationalism in defeated people in Europe

Napoleonic Code

Collection of laws that affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men and established a merit-based society to attain higher social standing. It protected private property and restored patriarchal authority in families. Allowed for religious freedoms.

Battle of Waterloo

Napoleon's last battle; Took place after The Hundred Days He was defeated and sent to the island of St. Helena in South Atlantic where he remained until the time of his death.

Congress of Vienna

The peace settlement that attempted to redraw Europe's political map after the defeat of Napoleonic France. This was a meeting of many great people from other countries, whose efforts were to construct a settlement that would last and not sow the seeds of another war. Their efforts were largely successful and contributed to a century unmarred by destructive, generalized war.

Saint Domingue

One of the richest colonies in the 18th-century French empire. Located on the western portion of Hispanola (modern day Haiti). It produced about 40% of all sugar & 60% of all coffee consumed in Europe.

Gens de couleur

People of color -- free blacks or mulattoes in Haiti (some even fought in the American revolution!)

Maroons

Escaped slaves

Toussaint Louverture

Born into slavery, but learned to read/write and worked as domestic servant. Joined the rebels when the slave revolt broke out in 1791 and built a strong army of 20,000. He helped create a constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents of St. Domingue. Arrested by French and sent to France. Died in jail in 1803.

Haitian Revolution

Toussant L'Ouverture led a successful slave revolt against the French colonists, and Haiti became the first Latin American country to free itself from European rule.

Republic of Haiti

Saint Domingue declared independence in 1803 and formed Haiti on January 1, 1804. Named after a prominent mountain.

Peninsulars

Controlled the highest positions of power in colonies; European-born

Creoles

Europeans of Spanish or Portuguese descent that were born in the colonies; Led independence movements in colonies to gain power

Miguel de Hidalgo

Parish priest who helped rally the mestizos and indigenous people against Spanish colonial rule. Captured by creoles and killed, but the movement continued for three years after his death. Symbol of Mexican independence.

Simon Bolivar

A South American Liberator who helped many South American countries gain independence; Strong believer in Enlightenment ideals such as popular sovereignty. Campaigned for Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru independence. Wanted to create a confederation in South America (like US).

Brazilian Independence

Portuguese royal court fled to Rio de Janeiro after Napoleon invaded Portugal. In 1821, the king returned to Portugal and left son Pedro behind as regent. The next year creoles called for independence and Pedro agreed to demands. He became Emperor Pedro I.

Ideology

Coherent vision of human nature, human society and the larger world such as political and social organizations. Seek to design a political and social order appropriate for their communities.

Conservatism

Ideology that viewed society as an organism that changed very slowly over generations.

Liberalism

Ideology that believes change is normal and welcomed as an agent of progress. Proponents of the Enlightenment values of freedom and equality as well as republican forms of government.

Hegemony

Leadership or dominating influence exercised by one nation over others (Example: Euro-American control in Latin America)

Sommersett Case

James Sommersett was a slave brought to England; He escaped and later appealed for his freedom because slavery wasn't recognized in England. Court ruled in Sommersett's favor.

William Willberforce

Religious member of the English Parliament who fought against the slave trade and helped author/pass a bill to end it in 1807.

Slavery Abolition Act of 1833

Act of England to outlaw slavery in all British colonies. Freed slaves in stages and compensated masters of slaves.

13th Amendment

United States amendment that officially abolishes slavery in the United States.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920 that extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Declaration of Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

Written by Olympe de Gouges as she refused to accept the exclusion of women in the "Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen". The National Assembly ignored her demands.

Olympe de Gouges

French journalist who published the Declaration of Rights of Women and the Female Citizens - felt the French Revolution left out women in their fight for equality.

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

Feminism

The belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men

Industrialization

Period of social and economic change that transformed agrarian centered economies into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacturing.

Factors Leading to Industrial Revolution in Europe

Europe's geographic location along with distribution of coal, iron, timber. Europe had small, competitive states. Europe's alliances with the merchant class . Collision of cultures. Improved agricultural productivity . Legal protection of property . Abundance of rivers and canals

1st Industrial Revolution

Transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 - 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, the increased use of steam power and the development of machine tools .

Societal Changes from Industrial Revolution

Population growth and increased standard of living ,Demographic transition, Increase in pollution, Increase in urbanization with creation of police/fire and regularly scheduled RR times, End of cottage system, Changes in family roles and working outside home

Flying Shuttle

New device invented that helped speed up the weaving process and doubled the amount of work a weave could do.

First British Industrial Industry

Textile Industry

Spinning mule

A machine loom which combined the spinning jenny and water frame to produce textiles more efficiently during the Industrial Revolution.

Steam engine

Most crucial technological breakthrough during Industrial Revolution; invented by James Watt in 1765; Built a rotary engine where steam forced a piston to turn a wheel in which the rotary motion converted a simple pump into an engine.

The Bessemer Converter

Developed in England by Henry Bessemer in 1856; A blast furnace where air is blown into molten iron, oxidizes and purifies iron, making it into steel. Steel was produced cheaply and it was stronger than iron.

Steam Powered Locomotive

Created by George Stephenson in 1815; by 1829 he was able to reach speeds of 28 mph.

Putting Out System

Entrepreneurs would pay workers to work on materials in their own households. This "cottage industry" would be typically less than ten people in the same place. Workers would manufacture articles from raw materials then bring them to a central place of business, such as a marketplace or a larger town, to be assembled and sold.

Factory System

Many workers producing goods in a repetitive series of steps and specialized tasks using powerful machines.

Adam Smith

A Scottish economist who wrote Wealth of Nations. He believed in a market economy where the government should take a laissez-faire. approach and avoid government regulations on the economy.

Wealth of Nations

Book by Adam Smith who advocates for laissez faire economics where there are few restraints put on the economy and allow for more competition.

Luddites

19th century band of English hand craftsworkers who went on a rampage and destroyed textile machines that they blamed for their low wages and unemployment. Signify the beginning of industrial protests.

Cotton Gin

Invention made by Eli Whitney which allowed the mass production of cotton in the southern US. Separated seeds from cotton.

Mass Production

Production of large quantities of goods using machinery and often an assembly line. Typically workers only learned to manufacture one standardized part of the process.

Henry Ford

An American industrialist who improved production by developing the assembly line technique of mass production. He is credited with "Fordism": mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers.

Joint-Stock Companies

An economic arrangement by which a number of investors pool their capital for investment.

Monopoly

A firm that produces the entire production of a good or service, allowing them to set the market price and destroying any competition.

Vertical integration

Controlling the many steps in production in a single industry.

Horizontal integration

Monopolists who consolidate similar companies in the same business to ensure they can fix prices and regulate production.

Socialism

Desire for equitable society after looking at the exploitation of workers during the Industrial Revolution; an economic system where he government owns and runs the means of production.

Karl Marx

German philosopher who wrote The Communist Manifesto; Critic of capitalism as it exploited the working class. Believed the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie

Proletariat

Working class; people who sell their labor for a wage allowing for others to exploit them for profit.

Bourgeoisie

Capitalist class; owners of industrial machinery and factories - those that own the means of production

Opiate of the Masses

Karl Marx's belief about religion - belief that it dulls their mind and makes them uncritical of the world in which they live

Communism

A theory or political system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Major Points of Communist Manifesto

Proletariat would overthrown the bourgeoisie, Abolish private property, Destroy capitalist order - centralize means of production, Fair, egalitarian society. Free education - end child labor

Trade Unions

Workers organization created to improve working conditions - sought higher wages, safer conditions - Did not seek to destroy capitalism.

Division of Labor

The specialization and concentration of the workers on single sub-tasks which led to greater skill and greater productivity (Outcome: Price of products decrease, people consume more)

Mechanization

The replacement of human labor with the use of machines; transformed factory system; allowed for more efficient production and increased productivity.

Industrialization in Japan

Government sponsored industrialization that occurred during the Meiji Restoration, Used Western technology, Modernized iron foundries and dockyards, Constructed railroads