Humanities semester 2

Civil-service exam

In China, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the bureaucracy.

Grand Canal

A canal linking northern and southern China, made under Sui Dynasty

Samurai

A member of the warrior class in premodern feudal Japan

Daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

Shogun

In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure.

Bushido

the code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai. "way of the warrior"

Sinification

extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions

Scholar-Gentry

The Chinese class of well-educated men. Lots of bureaucrats chosen from this group

Neo-Confucianism

A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.

Chinggis Khan

Title meaning "universal ruler" that was given to the Mongol leader Temujin in 1206 after he united the Mongols.

Quipu

An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.

tribute

(n.) something done or given to show thanks or respect; a payment

tributary states

independent state that has to acknowledge the supremacy of another state and pay tribute to its ruler

chinampas

floating farming islands made by the Aztec

Polynesia

Had a bunch of people that traveled from island to island in canoes to avoid overpopulation

Martin luther

German guy who led the Reformation, wrote the 95 thesis. Basically started Protestantism

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

indugences

a pardon for sins sold by the Roman Catholic Church in order to get money

vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people

Johannes Gutenberg

Inventor of the (movable) printing press in Europe

Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote The Prince. If you dont know what it is search it up

Patrons (art)

People who financially supported artists, especially in Renaissance and Baroque times

Marco Polo

Italian explorer who wrote about his travels to Central Asia and China.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and western Sudan.

Mayan Government

Each city had its own ruler; city states

Aztec government

ruled by emperor

Inca Government

Emperor ruled over governors. Each governor ruled a province.

Mayan Innovations

Used concept of zero, developed a complex writing system.

Inca Innovations

Mita (labor tax) helped the government function

Quipu (knotted strings) enabled record keeping even though they had no written language)

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Oceania innovations

Outrigger Canoes and shit

Mesoamerican and Andean religious beliefs

Polytheistic; ruler is descendant of a god

Mongol Conquest in China

led to the unification of a divided China, with the north and south of the kingdom once again coming under the rule of one dynasty

Mongol Conquest in Russia

Isolate Russia from Western Europe

Russian peasants became serfs

Moscow prospered

Kiev did not prosper but rather got destroyed

Mongol Conquest in Middle East

Mongols adopted Islam after conquering the Middle East

Why did the Mongols decline

Black Death, Too big of an empire, weak leaders

Why did the Mongols expand?

Drop of temperature and increased population in the steppe they originally inhabited. Needed land for nomads.

Italian City-States

locations near water led to trade, which led to wealth and cultural diffusion, which led to the Renaissance

causes of the protestant reformation

Corruption of the Roman Catholic Church

Effects of the Protestant Reformation

* Religious Divisions in Europe (Western Europe no longer unified, 30 years war happened and stuff)
* Pope loses power
* Some kings gain power

Impact of the Renaissance

sparks interest in art, exploration, & technology, paved the way for the Protestant reformation and the legacy of humanism

Early European Exploration

* columbian exchange: exchange of food products between Europe and western hemispheres
* More slaves
* Accelerated competition in Europe

What caused the Postclassical Era?

Beginnings of expansion of trade, exploration, and religions, fall of the Roman Empire. Europe entered a bunch of danger while literally everywhere else flourished

Why did the Post Classical era end?

Spread of Islam, return of European importance, Exploration into the New World, disruptions in eastern trade routes

interregional travelers

traders who conducted trade between two or more regions. (ex. Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo)

Post Classical Trade routes

Silk road, Indian ocean.

European Fuedalism

King, movies, vassals (they get soldiers and stuff), peasants (they make food)

Japanese Feudalism

emperor (has no real power), shogun (has real power, kind of like kings), daimyo (the lower nobles under the shogun), samurai (knights), peasants (peasants)

Tang/Song golden age

\-Art, literature, pottery, landscape, painting, and ceramics,l

\-Rapid population growth

\-Iron industry expanded

\-printing

\-naval industry kind of expanded

\-Tang dynasty expanded into Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea; Chinese territory became too large

treatment of women in East Asia

bad, except in Vietnam and Mongol Empire.

Japanese art

Developed woodblock prints, silk screen printing, influenced by Buddhism (especially sculpture), Ink painting on silk, Nature was usually subject of art, painting was more popular than sculpture

Chinese Art

* Developed bronze casting, calligraphy, silk, and paper


* Art influenced by dynasties and Buddism
* Used tri-color glaze for sculpture (yellow, green, and white
* Landscape painting
* High quality porcelain
* architecture symmetry
* Believed in a spiritual world

alliteration

the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

allusion

A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art

apostrophe

A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.

assonance

Repetition of similar vowel sounds

consonance

Repetition of consonant sounds

diction

the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.

hyperbole

exaggeration

imagery

visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work.

verbal irony

irony in which a person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning.

situational irony

irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected.

dramatic irony

Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.

metaphor

A comparison without using like or as

monologue

A long speech made by one performer or by one person in a group.

mood

Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader

Onomatopoeia

A word that imitates the sound it represents.

oxymoron

conjoining contradictory terms (as in 'deafening silence')

paradox

a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true

parallel structure

repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.

personification

the giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or idea

pun

A play on words

simile

A comparison using "like" or "as"

speaker in a poem

The person talking in the poem. Sometimes the speaker is the poet himself, but other times it is a fictional character.

soliloquy

an act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play.

themes

Overarching ideas or driving premises of a work.

tone

Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character

know how to punctuate titles

and punctuation and word choice

Divine Comedy

Made by Dante, punishment by retribution. Has nine circles and stuff. Just figure it out by yourself

Canterbury tales

A collection of stories written in Middle-English by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the 14th century. The tales are told as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey.

Characteristics of Renaissance Society

Based on secular society. interest in Greek and roman culture and high regard for human worth

Northern Renaissance

the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature

Humanism

A belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity

why did the renaissance happen?

* Loss of church power
* Growth of nation-states
* Study of classics
* Crusades led to stimulated trade

Renaissance art

art which shows figures both religious or non-religious, more realistic, emphasis on nature, three dimensional with perspective, people are active and show great emotion

Donatello

Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures, such as David

Michelangelo

Florentine sculptor and painter and architect, painted the Sistine Chapel

Leonardo de Vinci

Painted Mona Lisa and the Last Supper; made Sfumato

Sfumato

Italian for "smoky", technique used to blend details to look more realistic

Botticelli

Italian renaissance painter who painted the Birth of Venus

raphael

Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Peter Bruegel the Elder

Northern Renaissance artist known for depicting peasant life. Painted The Wedding Dance

Albrecht Durer

Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting.

Van Eyck

Flemish painter who painted the Arnolfini Wedding

Bosch

A surrealist painter of the Netherlands. Northern Renaissance painter, painted the Garden of Earthly Delights, a three panel painting.

Brunelleschi

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance, made the Done of Florence Cathedral

Characteristics of Baroque art

* Dramatic use of light and dark called tenerism.
* Subject matter focused on dramatic moments.
* Portrayal of everyday people who are not idealized.

Impact of Historical Context on Baroque Art

Some Baroque art was a response to the criticisms of the Catholic Church. Played a part in the Counter-Reformation