Biochemistry (metabolic pathways) - Irene Gold Booklet :)

A breakdown of macromolecules to simple precursors is classified as what

Catabolic reaction

A synthesis of macromolecules from simple precursors is classified as what

Anabolic reaction

Catabolic reactions are generally used to generate

ATP and reducing powers (ex NADH and FADH2)

Glycolysis, lipolysis, glycogenolysis are all what kind of reaction (anabolic or catabolic)

Catabolic

Gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, glycogenesis and nucleic acid synthesis are all what kind of reaction (anabolic or catabolic)

Anabolic

Function of phosphatase

Remove phosphate

Dehydrogenase is used for what kind of reactions

Oxidation/reduction

In a well fed state what will be released from the pancreas

Insulin

What cells release insulin

beta cells of pancreas

glycolysis and glycogenolysis, cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis all occur in a ________ state (well fed or fasting)

Well fed

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, ketogenesis all occur in a _____ state (well fed or fasting)

Fasting

What triggers the release of glucagon from alpha cells

Decreased glucose levels (fasting)

What cells release glucagon

alpha cells of pancreas

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle

3x NADH, 1x FADH2, 1 GTP -> 12 ATP total

Where does the TCA cycle occur

mitochondrial matrix

What are the irriversible enzymes in the Krebs cycle

Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase causes alpha-ketoglutarate to become

Succinyl CoA

1 glucose molecule will produce how much ATP from the Krebs cycle

24 ATP (2 turns of Krebs cycle)

Oxidative phosphorylation is composed of

Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Where does the ETC occur

inner mitochondrial matrix

What carries electrons to complex 1 of the ETC

NADH

Hydrogen ions get pumped from mitochondrial matrix to intramembrane space in what complex of the ETC

Complex 1

What carries electrons to complex 2 of ETC

FADH2

T/F hydrogen ions get pumped into the intramembrane space in complex 2

False - complex 1, 3, 4

Coenzyme Q AKAs

CoQ10, Ubiquinone

Coenzyme Q is similar in structure to what vitamin

Vitamin K

What complex passes electrons to oxygen

Complex IV

What is the ultimate acceptor of electrons in the ETC

Oxygen

What converts ADP to ATP in complex V

ATP synthase

What is the goal of gluconeogenesis

Make glucose out of pyruvate

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

Cytosol

What stimulates gluconeogenesis

Glucagon, cortisol

What inhibits gluconeogenesis

Insulin

What is converted into oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis

Pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate

Since oxaloacetate cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane, which of the following describes how oxaloacetate is moved from the mitochondria to the cytosol?

Converted to malate via malate dehydrogenase

PEP carboxykinase does what in gluconeogenesis

Converts oxaloacetate into phosphophenol pyruvate (PEP)

When is lactate converted into glucose

In the Cori cycle of gluconeogenesis

What amino acid can be converted into Krebs cycle intermediates

Alanine, aspartate, glutamate

What condition does the Cori cycle occur under

Anaerobic

Purpose of Cori Cycle

move lactic acid out of the muscle and have the liver provide the muscle with "new" glucose via gluconeogenesis

Purpose of Urea cycle

Breakdown of ammonia into urea for excretion

Where does the urea cycle occur

cytosol and mitochondria

What is the regulatory enzyme for urea cycle

Carbamoyl phosphate synthase

What are the 4 intermediates of urea cycle

Citrulline, arginosuccinate, arginine, ornithine

Urea is dependant on the breakdown of what amino acid

Glutamate