Exam 1 Review

Biol 240

anatomical position

body erect, feet parallel, eyes forward, arms at side, palms forward

coronal/frontal plane

divides the body into anterior & posterior parts

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

sagittal plane

divides the body into lateral parts (right & left)

prone position

forward

supine position

laying on the back

medial

anything closer to the midline

lateral

anything farther from the midline

proximal

anything closer to the attachment site

distal

anything farther away from the attachment site

superior

closer to the head

inferior

closer to the feet

anterior/ventral

towards the front

posterior/dorsal

towards the back

ipsilateral

when structures are on the same side of the midline

contralateral

when structures are on opposite sides of the midline

deep

anything that is closer to the center of a body

superficial

anything that is farther from the center of a body

axial skeleton

head, neck, trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis)

appendicular skeleton

upper & lower limbs, pelvic & pectoral girdles

articulation

where two bones are connected

origin

attaches to a stationary bone, usually proximal attachment

insertion

attaches to a movable bone, usually distal attachment

flexion

decreasing the angle of a joint in relation to the midsagittal plane

extension

increasing the angle of a joint in the relation to the midsagittal plane

abduction

moving a part away from the midline

adduction

moving a part toward the midline

rotation

movement in one plane

pronation

rotating the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly

supination

rotating the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly

inversion

turning the sole of the foot medially

eversion

turning the sole of the foot laterally

plantar flexion

depressing the foot, elevating the heel

dorsiflexion

lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin

circumduction

movement in the transverse plane

opposition

moving the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers

elevation

lifting a body part superiorly

depression

moving a body part inferiorly

protraction

moving a body part inferiorly

retraction

moving a body part in the posterior direction

flexion

a muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces

extension

a muscle that crosses the posterior side of a joint produces

abduction

a muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces

adduction

a muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint

projections

anything that sticks out from a bone

articulations

create joints

depressions/cavities

sites allowing for passage of soft tissues

tuberosity

large, rounded projection; may be roughened

crest

narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

trochanter

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (femur)

line

narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

head

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

condyle

rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa

body cavities

house & support organs, compartmentalize organs so diseases can’t spread

thoracic cavity

contains lungs, heart muscles

ventral cavity

contains visceral organs (not brain/spinal cord)

body membranes

cover, separate, support visceral organs & line body cavities

cutaneous membrane

skin-dry membrane but secretes oil

synovial membrane

lining of moveable joints

mucous membrane

(mucosa) secrete mucous (lubrication/protection)

serous membrane

(serosa) line thoracic/abdominopelvic cavities

visceral pleura

serous membrane on top of lungs

visceral pericardium

serous membrane on top of heart

visceral peritoneum

serous membrane on top of intestines

parietal pleura

serous membrane lining cavity of lungs

parietal pericardium

serous membrane lining cavity of heart

parietal peritoneum

serous membrane lining cavity of intestines

tissues

groups of similar cells with common function (protection, movement, etc)

histology

study of tissues and relationships within organs

hypertrophy

increase in cell size (skeletal & cardiac muscle, etc.)

atrophy

decrease in cell size (weakening of muscles, shrinking of thymus, etc.)

hyperplasia

(hypergenesis) increase in the number of cells (e.g., compensation for damage tissue; smooth muscle retain hyperplasia)

metaplasia

change in form or cell type

cells

tissues are composed of ___ (living)

matrix

tissues are composed of ___ (nonliving intercellular substance)

epithelial tissue

protection by covering, produces secretions, absorption, diffusion, sensory reception

cilia

bigger projections of the cell membrane, aid with movement

microvilli

smaller projections of the cell membrane, to maximize the surface area of a cell

simple

a classification of cells, one layer

stratified

a classification of cells, more than one layer

psuedostratified

classification of cells, appear to be in multiple layers but are actually one layer

squamous

a cell shape, scale like

cuboidal

a cell shape, cube like

columnar

a cell shape, column like

endothelium

simple squamous epithelium, lines lumen of blood & lymphatic vessels, heart chambers (in the blood vessels)

mesothelium

serous membrane

endocardium

simple squamous epithelium found in the cavities of the heart

lumen

light

goblet cells

unicellular glands (mucous membrane) shaped like a wine glass

glands

epithelial cells that make & secrete a product

exocrine gland

secretes sweat saliva etc., secretions transported by ducts, located close to target cells

endocrine gland

secretes hormones, no ducts, directly into bloodstream, doesn’t need to be close to target cells, located within highly vascularized areas

merocrine gland

(eccrine) secretory vesicles releasing their contents via exocytosis

holocrine gland

the entire cell becomes the secretion

apocrine gland

release some of their own cytoplasm

muscular tissue

movement & locomotion

skeletal muscle

striated with peripheral multi-nuclei

smooth muscle

non-striated with single central nuclei, found in visceral organs, blood vessel walls

cardiac muscle

striated with single central nuclei, intercalated discs-dark lines