Metabolism & Energy Balance

These flashcards cover the key concepts of metabolism and energy balance as outlined in the lecture notes.

Total body energy

The sum of energy stored, energy in, and energy out.

Energy in

Energy gained from eating and drinking.

Energy out

Energy lost through heat production and work.

Food calorimetry

The measurement of energy in food.

Direct calorimetry

A method that measures heat production to determine energy expenditure.

Respiratory quotient (RQ)

The ratio of CO₂ produced to O₂ consumed.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

The lowest amount of energy required by the body at rest.

Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

An approximation of BMR measured while awake but at rest.

Thermoneutral temperature

The range of temperatures where metabolic rate is stable.

Calorigenic effect

The increase in metabolism due to certain hormones like thyroid hormone.

Ghrelin

A hunger hormone that stimulates the feeding center.

Leptin

A hormone that inhibits the feeding center and regulates energy balance.

Glycogenesis

The process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage.

Glycogenolysis

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

Gluconeogenesis

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

Lipogenesis

The conversion of excess glucose and fatty acids into fat.

Lipolysis

The breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.

Adipose tissue

Body tissue that stores fat.

Hypothalamus

Brain region involved in regulating feeding and satiety.

Nutrient pools

Available nutrients in the body that can be used for energy.

Chemical bonds

Energy storage in molecules such as ATP, glycogen, and lipids.

Ketosis

A metabolic state characterized by increased ketones in the blood.

Cardiovascular disease

Health issues related to impaired heart and blood vessels, often linked with lipid levels.

Amino acids

Building blocks of proteins, used for various metabolic functions.

Fatty acids

Components of lipids, used for energy and as building blocks for membranes.