Campbell Biology

Biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth.

Ecosystems

All living things in a particular area, interacting with each other and their non-living environment.

Communities

Different populations of organisms living together in an ecosystem.

Populations

A group of individuals of the same species living within certain boundaries.

Organisms

An individual living thing.

Organs

A body part made up of tissues with a specific function.

Tissues

A group of cells that performs a specific function.

Cells

The basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.

Organelles

Functional components within cells.

Molecules

A chemical structure made up of atoms.

Reductionism

An approach of zooming into the hierarchical levels of biological structure.

Emergent Properties

Properties that emerge from the interaction of individual components.

Systems Biology

Analyzing the interactions between parts of a biological system.

Eukaryotic Cell

A cell that contains membrane-enclosed organelles.

Prokaryotic Cell

A cell that lacks a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Chromosomes containing genetic material.

Genes

Sections of DNA that code for specific traits.

RNA

A molecule that acts as an intermediary in protein production.

Gene Expression

The process where information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product.

Genome

An organism's entire set of genetic instructions.

Genomics

The study of whole sets of genes.

Proteomics

The study of sets of proteins.

Bioinformatics

The use of computational tools to organize and analyze biological data.

Producers

Organisms that create their own food (e.g., plants through photosynthesis).

Consumers

Organisms that feed on other organisms.

Feedback Regulation

A process where the product of a process regulates that same process.

Negative Feedback

A loop where the response reduces the initial stimulus.

Positive Feedback

A loop where the product speeds up its own production.

Climate Change

Directional change to the global climate that lasts more than three decades.

2 Classes

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

3 Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

4 Kingdoms

Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, and Protista

Which domains are prokaryotic?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which domains are eukaryotic?

Eukarya