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Homozygous
Having identical alleles at a gene locus.
Hormone receptor-positive
Expression of estrogen and/or progesterone receptors in breast cancer cells.
Hot flashes
A feeling of warmth commonly accompanied by skin flushing and perspiration.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) positive
Tumor positivity defined by immunohistochemistry (3+ when > 10% of cells have complete membrane staining) and FISH (if HER2 gene copies > 6 or HER2/chromosome 17 ratio > 2).
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
Groups of genes found on the major histocompatibility complex that contain cell-surface antigen presenting proteins. The body uses HLA to distinguish between self cells and non-self cells.
Humoral
Relating to body fluids, especially immune responses involving antibodies.
Hydrocephalus
Condition marked by accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid in the brain, resulting in increased pressure.
Hydronephrosis
Swelling of the renal pelvis and calyces of the kidney due to urine back-up from obstruction.
Hyperalgesia
An exaggerated intensity of pain sensation.
Hypercalcemia
Excessive amount of calcium in the blood.
Hypercalciuria
Excessive amount of calcium in the urine.
Hypercapnia
Excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, typically caused by inadequate respiration.
Hypercoagulable state
A disorder of excessive or frequent thrombus formation; also known as thrombophilia.
Hyperemesis gravidarum
A rare disorder of severe and persistent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can result in dehydration, malnutrition, weight loss, and hospitalization.
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome
Severe increase in serum glucose concentration without the production of ketonesleading to an increase in serum osmolality and symptoms such as increased thirst, increased urination, weakness, fatigue, confusion, and in severe cases convulsions and/or coma.
Hyperopia
Farsightedness.
Hyperpigmentation
Darkening of the skin due to excess melanin formation.
Hypertrichosis
Excessive growth of hair.
Hyphae
Long, branching multicellular filamentous form of a fungus.
Hypocretin
A wake-promoting hypothalamic neuropeptide whose deficiency is involved in the pathophysiology of narcolepsy
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Reduced levels of antibodies.
Hypogonadism
A medical condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. Associated with testosterone deficiency resulting from either testicular or pituitary/hypothalamic diseases. Presenting symptoms differ according to the timing of disease onset in relation to puberty
Hypomimia
Lack of facial expression, often referred to as masked face.
Hypophonia
Decreased voice volume.
Hypopituitarism
Clinical disorder of complete or partial deficiency in pituitary hormone production.
Hypoxemia
Deficiency of oxygen in the blood.
Hypoxia
Deficiency of oxygen in body tissues.
Hysterectomy
An operation to remove a woman’s uterus.
Androgen deprivation therapy
Treatment using agents to suppress testosterone levels to that consistent with medical castration.
Anovulatory cycle
A menstrual cycle in which the ovaries fail to produce, mature, or release an egg.
Amenorrhea
Absence or discontinuation of regular menstrual periods.
Anticitrullinated protein antibodies
Autoantibodies directed against cyclic citrullinated peptide a circular peptide (a ring of amino acids) containing the amino acid citrulline.
Aortic dissection
A serious condition featuring a tear in the wall of the aorta.
Aplasia cutis
Congenital absence of skin, commonly affecting the scalp.
β-Lactam allergy
Allergy to the β-lactam family including penicillins and cephalosporins.
Boutonniere deformity
Joint deformity associated with rheumatoid arthritis that presents as flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joints with hyperextension of the distal interphalangeal joints.
Calcitonin
A hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland; involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood.
Calculi
An abnormal concretion (or stone) usually found in hollow organs or their passages (eg, kidney stone).
Castration resistant prostate cancer
Prostate cancer that continues to progress despite suppression of typical hormonal growth signals (ie, despite androgen deprivation that achieves castration levels of testosterone).
Catheterization
Insertion of a tubular medical device into canals, vessels, passageways, or body cavities to permit injection or withdrawal of fluids or to keep a passage open
Cell-mediated immunity
An immune response that involves activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. Can be independent of antibody action.
chemokines
Any of a group of cytokines produced by various cells that stimulate chemotaxis in white blood cells.
Cocoon immunization
Vaccination strategy to protect infants by vaccinating those in close contact.
Comedolytic
An agent that is able to break up or destroy a comedo.
Comorbidities
Multiple disease states occurring concurrently in one patient.
Complete response
Disappearance of all targeted lesions in cancer.
Complex regimen
Taking medications 3 or more times per day or 12 or more doses per day.
Concreteness
Inability to think in abstract terms.It may be a primary developmental defect or secondary to organic mental disorder or schizophrenia.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
A rare inherited condition resulting from a deficiency in cortisol and aldosterone synthesis with resulting excess androgen production. The clinical presentation depends on the variant of the condition but typically manifests as abnormalities in sexual development and/or adrenal insufficiency.
Conidia
Non-motile spores produced by fungi.
Conjunctival injection
Erythema of the conjunctiva.
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva.
Conjunctivitis medicamentosa
A drug-induced form of allergic conjunctivitis resulting from overuse of topical ocular vasoconstrictors.
Consolidation
Treatment that is given after cancer has disappeared following the initial therapy. Consolidation therapy is used to kill any cancer cells that may be left in the body.
Contiguous
Spread of infection via direct invasion of adjacent structures.
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
A technique of assisting breathing by maintaining the air pressure in the lungs and air passages constant and above atmospheric pressure throughout the breathing cycle.
Cor pulmonale
Right-sided heart failure caused by lung disease.
Corneal arcus
Accumulation of lipid on the cornea.
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Surgical intervention to improve coronary blood flow by removing a vein from the leg and attaching one end to the aorta and the other end to the coronary artery distal to the atherosclerotic plaque. Alternatively, an artery from the inside of the chest wall may be used to bypass the coronary occlusion.
Cosyntropin
Synthetic version of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Counterirritant
A substance that elicits a superficial inflammatory response with the objective of reducing inflammation in deeper, adjacent structures.
C-peptide
A peptide which is made when proinsulin is split into insulin and C-peptide. They split before proinsulin is released from endocytic vesicles within the pancreas, one C-peptide for each insulin molecule. C-peptide is the abbreviation for “connecting peptide.” It is used to determine if a patient has type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Creaming
Aggregation of lipid emulsion particles that then migrate to the surface of the emulsion can be reversed with mild agitation.
Creatinine
A waste product in the blood produced from the breakdown of protein by-products generated by muscle in the body or ingested in the diet. The kidneys filter blood to remove creatinine and maintain homeostasis; a decline in kidney function results in an increase in creatinine.