Bio yr11 IA1 MCQ

Sigma

Cell membrane

The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.​

Nucleus

A membrane-bound organelle that houses the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.​

Mitochondria

Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, where energy production occurs through cellular respiration.​

Ribosomes

Small structures involved in protein synthesis, found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.​

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis; exists in two forms—rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (without ribosomes).​

Golgi apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.​

Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.​

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis by converting light energy into chemical energy.​

Cell wall

A rigid layer surrounding the cell membrane in plant cells, providing structural support and protection.​

Diffusion

The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.​

Osmosis

The diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.​

Active transport

The movement of substances across cell membranes against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.​

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water.​

Cellular respiration

The process of breaking down glucose and other molecules to release energy in the form of ATP.​

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function within an organism.​

Organ

A structure composed of multiple tissues working together to perform specific functions.​

Organ system

A group of organs that work together to perform complex functions.​

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism despite external changes.​

Stem cells

Undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into various cell types.​

Differentiation

The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions.​

Circulatory system

The system responsible for transporting blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body.​

Respiratory system

The system involved in the intake of oxygen and the expulsion of carbon dioxide.​

Digestive system

The system that breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and utilized by the body.​

Nervous system

The network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits signals between different parts of the body.​

Endocrine system

The collection of glands that produce hormones regulating metabolism, growth, and development.​

Excretory system

The system that removes waste products from the body.​

Immune system

The body's defense system against infectious organisms and other invaders.​

Reproductive system

The system of organs involved in producing offspring.​

Integumentary system

The system comprising the skin and its associated structures, protecting the body from external damage.