History Final Review

Mandate of Heaven

A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

Dynastic Cycle

Rise and fall of Chinese dynasties according to the Mandate of Heaven

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Daoism

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.

Confucius

(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.

Laozi

Founder of Daoism

Yin and Yang

In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities.

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163

Legalism

A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service.

Civil Service Exam

In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy.

Great Wall of China

World's longest man made structure built to keep invaders from the north out of China, started by the Qin Dynasty, expanded by the Han Dynasty,

Filial Piety

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Silk Roads

A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

Age of Buddhism

The time when Buddhism became popular in China, it lasted from 400 to 845

Neo-Confucianism

The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.

Han Dynasty

(202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalim.

Pax Mongolica

The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire.

Kublai Khan

(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Ghengis Khan

Mongol leader who led their conquest westward and who is renowned for his ability and his ruthlessness.

Ottomans

Turkish empire based in Anatolia. Arrived in the same wave of Turkish migrations as the Seljuks.

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.

Suleyman

Ruled Ottoman Empire for 46 years and when it was at its height, he was also called "The Magnificent", spread the empire, many cultural interests, expanded military, millet system, devshirme system,

Renaissance

"Rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Secular

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."

Lorenzo de Medici

Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Johannes Gutenberg

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Indulgence

A pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin

Pope Leo X

Began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Nintey-five Theses

Martin Luther's statement of principles regarding penance and the abuse of indulgences

Reformation Parliament

Used by Henry VIII to end pope's power in England, make him head of church and to grant him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

Counter Reformation

The reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

The Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Charlemagne

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe

Knights and Lords

Military service & sometimes money

Fief

An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty

Vassal

A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land

Feudal System

A political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services

Manorial System

An economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors

Serfs

Workers who were tied to the land on which they lived

Peasants

People who worked the land or served the nobles

William the Conqueror

Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and claimed the English crown

Magna Carta

The royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

Parliament

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Change in monarchies of France, Spain, and Portugal

Rise in power due to things like Feudalism

piety

Religious devotion

Church Reforms

Improvements made in the Church by Pope Leo IX, Pope Gregory VII, and others. These were Church laws against simony and priestly marriage. These improvements made the Church kind of kingdom structured. Made the papal Curia to develop and enforce (in court) the Canon law, and to check the pope's power. These improvements used tithes to care for the sick and poor, and received diplomats from all over Europe.

Pope Urban II

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades

Crusades (1095-1291)

The religious wars between Western Catholic Europe and the Islamic Turks over the holy lands in Jerusalem. The Western Cathliocs won the first crusade, but lost the rest.

Council of Clermont

An assembly heard the a speech given by Pope Urban II and basically he said they was a direct path to heaven for those willing to fight in the first crusade

Effects of the Crusades

Increased trade, broke down feudalism, helped strong central governments emerge

Venice

An Italian trading city on the Ariatic Sea, agreed to help the Byzantines' effort to regain the lands in return for trading privileges in Constantinople.

Scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Heresy

The crime of holding a belief that goes against established doctrine

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Henry the Navigator

This Portuguese prince who lead an extensive effort to promote seafaring expertise in the 14th century. Sent many expedition to the coast of West Africa in the 15th century, leading Portugal to discover a route around Africa, ultimately to India.

Vasco de Gama (Portugal)

Discovered a route to India for Portugal by s a was very profitable for both the country and sailor with his cargo

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Circumnavigate

To sail around the world

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Astrolabe

Instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

King and Queen of Spain - help unify Spain and support and encourage Spanish exploration.

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Conquistador

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

Fransico Pizzaro (Spain)

Conquered the Incas

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

joint-stock company

A company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Iroquois League

A league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations)

Plains Indians

Posed a serious threat to western settlers because, unlike the Eastern Indians from early colonial days, the Plains Indians possessed rifles and horses.

The Inuit

A member of the Arctic native peoples of North America; once known as Eskimo

The Toltec

Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p. 305)

Tribute

Money paid by one country to another in return for protection

alliance

A joining together for some common purpose

The Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.

The Zapotec

Early Mesoamerican civilization that was centered in the Oaxaca Valley of what is now Mexico