Unit 4 History Test

Entrepreneur

Entrepreneur

A person who finds new business opportunities and new ways to make profits

Free enterprise economy

A market economy in which privately owned businesses have the freedom to operate for profit, limited government intervention

Capital

Wealth in the form of money or other tradable assets. Money available for investment.

Cottage industry

A method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes

Puddling

the process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron

George Stephenson

He built a locomotive engine called the rocket which could travel at 36 miles per hour. In 1829, it won a race sponsored by Liverpool and the Manchester Railway Company to find the best locomotive being built between the factory town of Manchester and the port of Liverpool.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor who in 1793, created the cotton gin which removed seeds from cotton fiber which allowed more cotton to be produced for Great Britain and the northeastern United States. Textile production as a whole increased due to this invention

James Watt

A Scottish engineer who improved the steam engine in the 1760s (made first practical steam machine). Steam power could now be used to spin and weave cotton. Cotton mills using steam engines were soon found throughout Europe and the mills didn’t have to be near water since the steam engines were powered by coal.

Assembly line

Manufacturing method in which parts are added by multiple workers, increased efficiency

Mass Production

The making of goods in quantity, usually by machinery

Industrial capitalism

An economic system based on manufacturing, or the production of goods in factories

Commercial capitalism

An economic system based on the concepts of capital, value, and work.

Proletariat

The working class

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people. The “new rich”

Revisionists

A Marxist who rejected the revolutionary approach, believing instead in evolution by democratic means to achieve the goal of socialism

Mines Act

Passed in 1842 which prohibited all women and girls of any age and boys younger than 10 from working underground in mines

Factory Act

Passed in 1833 which set a minimum age of 9 for workers and limited hours of work for older children

Utopian Socialism

The idea that everyone could equally share the benefits of the Industrial revolution. All people would be treated fairly and there would be no poverty.

Henry Bessemer

In 1855 patented a new process for making high-quality steel which was cheap and effective called the Bessemer process.

Thomas Edison

Inventor of light bulb in the U.S.

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone in 1876

Guglielmo Marconi

Made the radio and first radio waves across the Atlantic Ocean in 1901

Henry Ford

Patented the assembly line in 1913 which led to effective production

Joseph Swan

Developed light bulb in Great Britain

Robert Owen

Was an utopian socialist and cotton manufacturer transformed New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana into flourishing utopian societies.

Mass society

Any society of the modern era that possess a mass culture and large-scale institutions

Modernism

A movement in which writers and artists rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles that had dominated european culture life since the Renaissance.

Impressionism

A style of painting originating in France in the 1860s, seeks to capture a feeling rather than an accurate depiction

Functionalism

The idea that buildings, like the products of machines, should be functional, or useful.

Abstract Painting

A style of art, emerging around 1910, that spoke directly to the soul and avoided visual reality by using only lines and color.

Social Darwinism

Theory used by Western nations in the late 19th century to justify their dominance; it was based on Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection, “survival of the fittest,” amd applied to modern human activities.

Pogroms

The organized massacre of a minority group, especially Jews.

Anti Semitism

Hostility toward or discrimination against Jews; hostility toward Jews or discrimination against them just because they are Jewish.

Zionism

An international movement originally for the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine, where ancient Israel was located, and later for the support of modern Israel.

Samuel Smiles

Political think and author wrote the book Self Help published in 1859 which that industrial-era poverty wasn’t inequality, but was result of irresponsible habits.

Florence Nightingale and Clara Barton

British Nurses in U.S. Civil War transforming medical profession

Emmeline Pankhurst

Major British suffrage leader

Igor Stravinsky

Russian composer almost cause a riot in Paris with his ballet of exploited expressive sounds and bold rhythms

Pablo Picasso

Important figure in modern art with his new artistic style of cubism

Albert Einstein

Scientist came up with the new concept of relativity which led to new laws of the universe

Niels Bohr

Danish physicist credited with identify the structure of an atom

Sigmund Freud

Doctor from Vienna with theories regarding the human mind. Published a book in 1900 The Interpretation of Dreams, studied human behavior and past.

Herbert Spencer

British philosopher thought that social progress came from “survival of the fittest”and stronger advance and weak decline.

Theodor Herzl

Zionist leader thought that Jews needed their own nation

Ministerial Responsibility

The idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body and not to the kind or president

Duma

The Russian legislative assembly

Otto Von Bismarck:

Prime minister of Europe who began a new constitution in 1871 of Germany that set up a two-house legislature. Also tried to keep Germany from becoming a democracy. In fear of France, created defensive alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879.

Kaiser William II

Reigned from 1888 to 1918, made Germany the strongest military and industrial power in Europe. In 1890 he fired Bismarck and took control of Germany’s foreign policy. Embarked on a journey of enhancing German power and craved international prestige.

Emperor Francis Joseph

Leader of dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary who ignored the parliamentary system set up and just appointed and dismissed his own ministers and issued decrees when the parliament wasn’t in session

Tsar Nicholas II

Began his rule in 1894, hoping to maintain the absolute power of czars, but conditions were changing. Worker strikes forced his to grant civil liberties and create a legislative assembly

Concessions

A concession is the act of a losing candidate publicly yielding to a winning candidate after an election after the overall result of the vote has become clear. A concession speech is usually made after an election.

Prefectures

In the Japanese Meiji Restoration,a territory governed by its former daimyo lord.

Matthew Perry

U.S. Navy commodore first foreign power to expand trade with Japan

Millard Fillmore

U.S. President to start foreign relations with Japan  

Emperor Mutsuhito

He was the symbol of the new era called Meiji or “Enlightened rule”.

Zaibatsus

Large family owned monopolies that controlled broad sectors of the economy

Theodore Roosevelt

In 1907 he made the “gentleman’s agreement” with Japan which stopped Japanese immigration to the U.S.

Why did Europe dominate the world economy? What were the main reasons the IR began in England?

1. Political: extensive trade network, large empires

2. Geographic: Important natural resources, location of country

3. Economic: Large economy, brought in lots of money.

What was the breakdown of industrialized v.s non-industrialized nations.

Industrial:

• Industrial nations meet economic and security needs.

• Increases life expectancy.

• Better conditions of living

• Better government and social supports

• Better access to healthcare

Non-Industrial

• Basically none of the stuff industrialized has

• Country doesn’t have enough money to support itself, government is bad/struggling

• Lower life expectancy

• Undeveloped industry

Why did cities grow so quickly in the 19th century?

Because of industrialization since it led to new factories and mills which meant a higher demand for workers. Industrial factories required a large workforce and the workers + their families needed to work close to their job in the city which meant more people flooding into the city as time went on.

Main reasons:

• New inventions

• Better means of transport

• Factories (needed workers to live close to the factory in city)

• immigrants

“Opening” of Japan - How and effect?

How

-American navy sailed over (Commodore Matthew Perry), just entering Japanese ports. They stayed there until Japan traded with them. 

Effect

-Too much foreign money entered the economy too quickly, so the economy almost collapsed. Eventually though, it did even out and Japan had more access to Western inventions.

What happened on “Bloody Sunday” in 1905

Date: 5 January 1905

Father George Gapon led the procession

As the people striking appreciated the Winter Palace they sang hymns and held religious icons. As the got closer the Tsar’s soldiers were attacked.

Aim: They wanted to give the Tsar a petition. The petition asked for the right to be allowed the join unions, the ability to vote for a government, the end to the Russo-Japanese War, and for better working conditions

Effects: 

• 1905 revolution

• Gave ideas of revolutionary activities throughout Russia

• Very high taxes

• No human rights

• Large split between capitalism and poverty

• Land prices were very high for peasants 

• Most of Russia’s population were serfs for a long time

Things during the revolution:

• Many country side riots

• Duma Terrorism demands

• Rebellions of Nationalist

• Battleships had mutiny

• Major cities/towns had strikes

• Worker’s councils took over cities and towns, The mensheviks led it

A large strike in October 1905 led to the October Manifesto

Promises of The October Manifesto:

1. Russian people could have Human RIghts

2. Universal suffrage is something that they could have because they established a parliament where it is

3. Got rid of the autocratic rule from the Tsar; there is a constitutional monarchy

How was Social Darwinism present in the early 1900s?

Many people used Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection and applied it to social classes. This presented by:

• White people thought that they were the best, all other races sucked.

• They used the theory as an excuse to eliminate other races

• Thought that poor people were weak and should die off.

-Used as an excuse for Manifest Destiny, the expansion of white people across America, calling it “unclaimed land” (it was claimed), and thought that it was God’s will (it wasn’t).

Summarize Marx and Engels’ theory as expressed in the Communist Manifesto.

Bourgeoisie - oppressors

Proletariat - oppressed 

The Communist Manifesto showed how people did not care for their workers and that workers are only as valuable as the product that they are making. 

They make many comparisons to the fact that workers are almost like products themselves. They claim the bourgeoisie is not able to control because their profits and success are completely based on the laborers. They give the Proletariat (the laborers) terrible working conditions with little pay. This will cause the laborers to revolts or die. Because of this they think that the Proletariat will be the downfall/will cause the collapse of the Bourgeoisie.

To make money, the Bourgeoisie completely relies on the working class to fight for their wages. This backfires, and the working class demands that they all have equal pay. This gets rid of any profit that the Bourgeoisie will have leading the fall of their businesses.

Who and goals of: German Social Democratic party and Unions

Who: 

• advocated revolution; competed in elections for parliament; once elected delegates worked to pass laws to improve working conditions; by 1912 had become the largest party in Germany

Goals:

• Aimed to improve workers rights and conditions

• Advocated for socialism

• Unions: sought better working conditions, wages and improved conditions for laborers

Issues with factory conditions and child labour? Key reform efforts?

• Factory conditions were full of smoke and smog and more

• They were bad conditions

• Children inhaled the smoke and got black lung and got cancer

• They worked very long hours

• Were beaten with a rod or whipped to keep them in shape

• Had to work to keep their families alive

• Often had to drop out of school.

REFORMS:

-Activists took pictures and spread information about how bad people were being treated. Changed to the regular 9-5 hours, developed modern working regulations

What were the main arguments for and against giving women the right to vote? What was the basic goal of the suffragettes?

Arguments for:

• Women are equal to men

• Women should have a say in what laws/people they have to follow

Arguments against:

• Women were supposed to act like “kids”

• Men didn’t like women having that much power

• The WSPU was kind of aggressive, more than kind of

• Men are insecure 

The basic goals of the suffragettes were to get women the right to vote even through violent actions

WSPU slogan: “Deeds not words”

WSPU was founded by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter (10 October 1903)

Suffragettes originally started peaceful but because militant (willing to use violent tactics to achieve the vote)

Key Reaction: 

• 1909- imprisoned suffragettes went on hunger strikes

• Women were forced fed through tube (through nose) directly into stomach

• More women became sick + hurt because of this

Lord Henry Asquith:

• Passed act that said if they were hurt because of force feeding they were sent 

• Temporarily, then brought back to the prison to finish sentences

General Knowledge:

• White women got the right to vote first

• Then colored women

• (In the U.S.) - there were many laws in different states that pretty much did 

• Exactly the opposite of the law. They would make it so that colored people

• Would not be able to vote

Environmental consequences of industrialization?

-Pollution of the air

-Kids died from black lung

-Living spaces got really small because they all packed into small rooms.

-Easy to get sick

Key features of the Meiji Restoration (political, social, economic)

Social Changes: Everyone was commoners except imperial family, westernized clothing, and adopted Western technologies.

Economic Changes: Hyper-Industrialization to avoid colonization of European Powers, and became a big imperial power in East Asia.

Political Changes: Samurai warriors wouldn’t rule anymore as well as daimyo, full rule of emperor, and allowed new opportunities with the political system.  

Russo-Japanese War (what, results)

Japan had control over Korean peninsula

• Challenged by European powers (Russia)

Anti-Asian biases created this mindset that they had nothing to be scared of Japan for, so they invaded

Japan’s military had grown a lot since the Meiji Restoration

Russo-Japanese War was from 1904-1905 and Japan won

This told European militaries that they could be defeated

Over the next 15 years, Japan had complete control over Korea’s economy as their power (military) expanded over the peninsula 

Korea was officially apart of the Japanese empire

• This benefited Korea a lot because Japan had to focus on modernizing the region

• Koreans also suffered a lot because of the Japanese

Why were the Balkans considered a “powderkeg”? Why were were the Serbs outraged when Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina?

Powderkeg = dangerous situation (minefield)

This is because Russia and Austria-Hungary had gotten into a fight over who would gain influence in the Balkans. They were outraged because its crushed the Serbian’s hopes of creating a large Serbian kingdom in those areas. 

What were the key features and motivations of public education? Describe the impact of compulsory, universal education on the society in the 2nd IR.

People were motivated to create a public education system because:

• The 2nd IR called for more skilled workers

• They needed smarter voters for the democracy

• The wanted to increase patriotism among children

Boys + Girls ages 6-12 were required to attend. Most Western governments adopted this policy.

Balkan states independent vs. dependent

Independent

• Greece

• Serbia

• Romania

• Montenegro

Dependent

• Bosnia and Herzegovina (Protected by Austria-Hungary)

• Bulgaria (Operated under Russia)