A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
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Assimilation
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing concepts & understandings (schemas)
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Accomodation
Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
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Object Permanence
Understanding that items and people still exist even when you can't see or hear them. Discovered by Jean Piaget
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Conservation
The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. Piaget believed this to be a part of concrete operational reasoning
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Egocentrism
In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
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Attachment
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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Social Identity
The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships
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Identity
Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
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Intimacy
In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood
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Emerging Adulthood
A period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults
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Erikson’s Adulthood Stages
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Piaget’s
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Social Clock
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
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Menopause
The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce
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Sex
In psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define *males* and *females*
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Gender
In psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define *men* and *women*
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Primary Sex Characteristics
The body structures (such as ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
Non-reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
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Spermache
First ejaculation
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Menarche
The first menstrual period
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Role
A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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Gender Role
A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females
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Gender Identity
Our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two
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Asexual
Having no sexual attraction to others
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Sexual Response Cycle
The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
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Sexual Dysfunction
A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or function
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Sexual Orientation
An enduring sexual attraction toward member’s of one’s own sex (homosexual), the other sex (heterosexual), or both sexes (bisexual)
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Social Script
Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
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Factors Influencing Teenager Sexual Behavior
Minimal communication about birth control
Guilt related to sexual
Alcohol Use
Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity
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Sensation
The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
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Perception
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
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Bottom-up Processing
Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
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Top-down Processing
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
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Absolute Threshold
The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
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Difference Threshold
The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a *just noticeable difference*
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Subliminal
Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
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Parallel Processing
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions
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Visual Cliff
A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
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Perceptual Constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
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Perceptual Adaptation
The ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
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Gestalt
An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces f information into meaningful wholes
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Frequency
The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
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Pitch
A tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
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Hypnosis
A social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
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Parapsychology
The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
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Dissociation
A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Studied by 13 people
