CHE2C TM Characteristics

where on the periodic table are the TM?

block D and F

How do they behave?

like typical metals
- conducts electricity, rusts, etc.

- Ag is best conductor while Cu is 2nd best conductor

What kind of variations do they have?

physical and chemical:
melting point, strong / soft, colors
corrosive / protective

noble metals don’t form oxides which means they don’t corrode

What kind of compounds can they form?

ionic

What kind of magnetism do they have?

paramagnetism (unpaired electrons)

What is special about their electron configuration? And why?

When TM lose their electrons, the 4s gets lost:
ex) Ti is [Ar]4s(2)3d(2) but Ti3+ is [Ar]3d(1)
ex) Mn is [Ar]4s(2)3d(5) but Mn2+ is [Ar]3d(5)

Reason why:
4s electrons more lose and farther

What does the lowering of ionization energy for TM prove?

Proves that there is a decline in the energy of 3D orbital while going across the period from left to right

What are the characteristics of standard reduction potential for TM?

• all metals EXCEPT Cu can reduce H+ ions into H2(g)

• reducing ability (being oxidized) of the 1st row elements decrease from left to right in the period

• metal with most positive oxidation potential is the best reducing agent (more likely to be a donor)

  • the reducing ability increases as the oxidation potential increases

How does the atomic radii change?

It decreases from left to right due to increase in nuclear charge

• this is the lanthnide contration

  • all TM (Sc → Zn period) have outermost shells of two

  • electrons are added into inner orbit

    • pi electrons look like the same

  • protons are increasing and these protons are inside the nucleuse

    • they will attract side electrons more so that the radius of TM shrink

What are some useful properties of TM?

• ZrO2

  • resist high temperature

  • used in combination with niobium and molybdenum

  • alloy in space vehicle pants

• tantalum

  • replace body bones

What is metallurgy and its steps?

The separation and purification of metal from its ore

• ore: mix of main mineral and other minerals mixed with gangue (dirt, sand, mud, etc)

• steps:

  • 1) Mining

  • 2) roasting with high heat

  • 3) a) reduction to free metal

    • ex) galvanic cell

  • b) refining then electrolysis

    • iron need to be alloyed to avoid rusting

What is metallurgy of iron?

You would get its ore and turn it into FeS2, FeCO3, Fe2O3, etc.

• iron is reduced in a blast furnace

  • pig iron (3-4% carbon)

    • utilized to make steel

  • reduce carbon to 0-1.5%, remove Si, Mn, P

  • add O2 at high heat (1900-2000C)

  • add alloy