Chapter 3&4 Cells and tissues

The cytoskeleton organizes and supports a group of small structures collectively called

organelles

why are “little organs” the name for organelles

because they function for the cells as organs do for the body

cytoplasms are

round spherical structures in the body

thin threadlike filaments in the cytoskeleton framework are

micro filaments which are also in microvilli

microtubules are also important components of the cytoskeleton because

its involved with cell movement and division.

cytoskeleton provides

movement and support

organelles are being held by

the fibers and molecular motors of the cytoskeleton

what separates the cell contents from the dilute saltwater solution

plasm membrane

what are three main parts of the cell

plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

the plasma membrane surrounds

the cell and creates a boundary

The nucleus contains

the cells genetic code

cytoplasm is the

living material inside the cell

the plasma membrane has two layers of

phosholipids that form a fluid framework for the membrane

Cholesterol helps stabilize the phospholipid molecules

to prevent breakage of the plasma membrane.

Organelles called ribosomes

are tiny particles found throughout the cell

organelles called ribosomes are each made up of tiny subunits called

ribonucleic acid, ribosomal (RNA)

some ribosomes are found temporarily attached to canals called

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

what is the function of a ribosome

to make enzymes and other protein compound

ebdoplasmic membrane

is a system of membranes forming a network of connecting sacs and canals that wind back and forth through a cell’s cytoplasm, from the nucleus almost to the plasma membrane

The tubular passageways or canals in the ER carry proteins and other substances through

the cytoplasm of the cell from one area to another

what are the two types of ER (endoplasmic rectum)

smooth and rough

what does the rough ER do

receives, folds, and transports newly made proteins

what does the smooth ER do

it makes membrane components

carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

make up cellular membranes are manufactured in the smooth ER

Golgi apparatus

tiny, flattened sacs stacked on one another near the nucleus.

The Golgi apparatus chemically processes the molecules and

folds the proteins that began in the ER and combines them with other molecules to form quaternary proteins

what is another name for Golgi Apparatus

chemical processing and packaging center

what is an example of a golgi apparatus product

mucus

when enzymes break down glucose and other nutrients to release energy, the mitochondria uses its energy to

recharge adenosine triphosphate

This energy-transferring process of the enzyme breaking down glucose and other nutrients and using the released energy to regard ATP is called

cellular respiration

Each mitochondrion has its own tiny deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule, sometimes called

mitochondrial chromosome

mitochondrial chromosome contains

information for building and running the mitochondrion

lysosomes

membranous-walled organelles that in their active stage look like small sacs, often with tiny particles in them

what is the nickname for mitochondria

power plants

what is the nickname for lysosomes

digestive bags

apoptosis is responsible for

making room for new cells

what happens if apoptosis doesn’t occur

there will be an overgrowth of tissue which can cause a tumor

lysosomes

destroy microbes that try to invade the cell

centrosome

is a region of cytoplasm near the nucleus of each cell.

the centrosome serves as a

microtubule-organizing center (organizes and moves structures within the cells)

what organelles are found within the centrosome

centrioles

centrosome also plays a role in

forming and organizing the cell’s cytoskeleton, including some of a cell’s outward extensions.

The nuclear envelope encloses a special type of cell material in the nucleus called

nucleoplasm

Nucleoplasm contains two types of structures

the nucleolus and the chromatin granules

The nucleolus critical in protein formation because it is where the cell

subunits that form ribosomes. which then migrate through the nuclear envelope to produce proteins

Dna determines

metabolic rate, gender and hair color in human beings

after cell division the DNA structures become

short and compact structures and are called chromosomes

Microvilli

are small, fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane of some cells

microvilli that increase the absorption rate of nutrients into the blood

Cilia

Cilia are larger than microvilli and possess inner microtubules that

support them and enable them to move

flagellum

is a single projection extending from the cell surface

what are the primary organelles of the cell

nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus

passive transport processes that move substances through membranes include

Diffusion, Dialysis, Osmosis, Filtration

protein channels

act as gated doorways that permit certain molecules to diffuse through them

hydrostatic pressure

the movement of water and solutes through a membrane as a result of a pushing force that is greater on one side of the membrane than on the other side.

Pinocytosis

an active transport mechanism used to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances into cells by trapping them in a pocket of plasma membrane that pinches off into the cell to form a vesicle