Applied Behavior Analysis Exam 1

consequences

environmental events that occur after a behavior; any event that follows behavior

behavior

anything a person does that can be observed

covert behavior

behavior that can be observed only by the person performing it

operant behavior

behavior that is readily influenced by events that follow it

environmental event

any event in a person's environment that can be observed

antecedents

environmental events that occur before a behavior

learning history

all the environmental events (antecedents and consequences) that have affected a person's behavior up to the present

applied behavior analysis

the attempt to solve behavior problems by providing antecedents and/or consequences that change behavior; concerned with understanding how environmental events change behavior

symptom substition

the idea that if a behavior problem is solved without resolving the underlying psychological disorder, another behavior problem will take its place

behavioral assessment

the attempt to define the target behavior; identify functional relations between the target behavior and its antecedents and consequences; and identify an effective intervention for changing the target behavior

functional anaylsis

the process of testing hypotheses about the functional relations among antecedents, target behavior, and consequences

interval recording

recording whether a behavior occurs during each of a series of short intervals within an observation period

cumulative frequency graph

a graph in which each data point indicates the total number of times the behavior has occurred up to that point

ABAB reversal design

a single case design in which baseline and intervention conditions are repeated with the same person

multiple baseline design

a single case design in which the effects of an intervention are recorded across situations, behaviors, or individuals

reinforcer

an event that, when made contingent on a behavior, increases or maintains the frequency of that behavior

primary reinforcers

reinforcers that are not dependent on their association with other reinforcers

secondary reinforcers

reinforcers that are dependent on their association with other reinforcers

natural reinforcers

reinforcers that have not been arranged by someone for the purpose of modifying behavior; spontaneous or unplanned reinforcers

behavioral contrast

the tendency for a reinforced behavior to occur less often in situations in which it has not been reinforced

prompt

an antecedent that induces a person to perform a behavior that otherwise does not occur

gestural prompt

involve facial expressions and posture

modeling prompt

demonstrate or model a behavior

prompting

the procedure of providing antecedents that evoke a target behavior

fading

gradually reducing the strength of a prompt

baseline

a period during which the behavior under study is recorded, but no attempt is made to modify it

behavior analysis

the science of behavior change; study of the functional relations between behavior and environmental events

functional relation

the tendency of one event to vary in a regular way with one or more other events

overt behavior

behavior that can be observed by someone other than the person performing it

respondent behavior

behavior that is most readily influenced by events that precede it; reflexive behavior

behavioral repertoire

all the things an individual is capable of doing at any given moment

temporal relation

the relationship, in time, of environmental events to behavior

medical model

the view that behavior problems are merely symptoms of an underlying psychological disorder

target behavior

behavior to be changed by an intervention

continuous recording

recording each and every occurrence of a behavior during a prescribed behavior

inter-observer reliability

a measure of the degree of agreement in data tallies made by two or more observers

simple frequency graph

a graph in which each data point indicates the number of times a behavior occurred at a particular time

single case experimental design

a research design in which the behavior of an individual is compared under experimental and control conditions

alternating treatments design

a single case experimental design in which two or more interventions alternate systematically

law of effect

in any situation, the probability of a behavior occurring is a function of the consequences that behavior has had in that situation in the past; behavior is a function of its consequences

reinforcement

the procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that increase or maintain the frequency of that behavior

positive reinforcer

a reinforcing event in which something is added following a behavior

negative reinforcer

a reinforcing event in which something is removed following a behavior

contrived reinforcers

reinforcers that have been arranged by someone for the purpose of modifying behavior

bootleg reinforcement

reinforcement that is not part of, and tends to undermine, an intervention

verbal prompt

involve spoken or written words or parts of words

physical prompt

guiding the person's body through the required movements

environmental prompt

an arrangement of the physical environment that induces the desired behavior

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