Canadian History Review

Flashcards about Canadian history, focusing on Aboriginal peoples, European exploration, New France, British North America, Confederation, and key events like the War of 1812 and the World Wars.

Aboriginal Peoples

Native peoples of Canada who lived off the land through hunting, gathering, and farming before European arrival.

First Europeans in Canada

The Vikings, who reached Labrador and Newfoundland around 1,000 years ago.

John Cabot

First European to map Canada's East Coast in 1497.

Jacques Cartier

Claimed land for King Francis I of France, and the name Canada began appearing on maps.

Royal New France

First European settlement north of Florida established by French explorers in 1604.

Samuel de Champlain

Built a fortress at what is now Québec City in 1608.

Fur Trade Economy

Collaborative economy between the French and Aboriginal people, driven by the demand for beaver pelts in Europe.

Hudson's Bay Company

Granted exclusive trading rights in 1670 over the watershed draining into Hudson Bay.

Quebec Act of 1774

One of the constitutional foundations of Canada, accommodated British institutions to the reality of the province, allowed religious freedom for Catholics, and restored French civil law.

United Empire Loyalists

People loyal to the Crown who fled the oppression of the American Revolution to settle in Nova Scotia and Quebec.

Constitutional Act of 1791

Divided the Province of Quebec into Upper Canada (Ontario) and Lower Canada (Quebec), granting legislative assemblies elected by the people.

Abolition of Slavery

Upper Canada was the first province in the Empire to move toward abolition in 1793, and the British Parliament abolished slavery throughout the Empire in 1833.

War of 1812

Ensured that Canada would remain independent of the United States.

Laura Secord

Pioneer wife and mother who made a dangerous journey to warn of an American attack during the War of 1812.

Rebellions of 1837-38

Armed rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada that led to the recommendation for responsible government.

Lord Durham

Recommended that Upper and Lower Canada be merged and given responsible government

Responsible government

Ministers of the Crown must have the support of a majority of elected representatives in order to govern.

Province of Canada

Upper and Lower Canada were united in 1840 becoming the Province of Canada.

Confederation

Established the Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867, creating a new country with federal and provincial levels of government.

British North America Act

Passed by the British Parliament in 1867, officially creating the Dominion of Canada.

Sir John A. Macdonald

Canada's first Prime Minister and a Father of Confederation.

Louis Riel

Led Métis uprisings in 1869 and 1885 to protect Métis rights.

North West Mounted Police (NWMP)

Established in 1873 to pacify the West and assist in negotiations with the Indians.

Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)

Completed in 1885, a powerful symbol of unity that linked British Columbia to the rest of Canada.

First World War

More than 600,000 Canadians served, marking a significant contribution and strengthening national pride.

Vimy Ridge

Captured by the Canadian Corps in April 1917, securing their reputation for valour.

Women's Suffrage Movement

Effort by women to achieve the right to vote, led by figures like Dr. Emily Stowe, resulting in federal voting rights for women in 1918.

Remembrance Day

Commemorated each year on November 11 to remember the sacrifices of Canadian veterans.

Second World War

More than one million Canadians and Newfoundlanders served, fighting against tyranny alongside democratic allies.

D-Day

Canadian troops stormed and captured Juno Beach on June 6, 1944.