PART 1: Iron, Zinc, Iodine, Copper, Cobalt, Fluorine, Selenium, Manganese, Sulfur

Muscle and bone

Highest concentration of zinc is found in the ________

15 to 40%

The absorption of zinc varies upon ____ to ____% depending on a person's zinc status

30-40% yung absorbed sa liver

150 mg x.30 = 45 mg

150 mg x.40 = 60 mg

45-60 mg

How much zinc a normal adult with a zinc intake of 150 mg would typically absorb?

1. Zinc may participate in the metabolic functions of the intestinal cell itself

2. It may be retained by metallothionein within the intestinal cells

What are the two options of zinc upon absorption in the intestine

Metallothionein

this is a sulfur-rich protein that avidly binds with and transports metals such as zinc

Presence of SMLEGGC and HowMuchCabayo (HMC)

H-ISTIDINE,

C-ysteine,

M-ethionine

S- soy protein

M- meat

L-actose

G- glucose

G-glutamate

C- viamin C

What are the factor that enhance zinc absorption

metallothionein

Absorption of zinc is monitored by a special binding protein such as ______________ in the small intesine

1. Spermatogenesis & formation of testosterone

2. Component of metallo-enzymes

3. Present in RNA

4. Component of proteases

5. Accelerates wound healing

6. Normal sense of taste

7. Immune defense

8. Participates in insulin synthesis (storage and release)

9. Influences learning and behavior

10. Needed to produce the active form of vitamin A (retina- visual pigment and RBP )

Give atleast 3 functions of zinc

Enteropancreatic circulation

this is called a circulatory route from the pancreas to the small intestine and back to the pancreas

1. Dietary zinc

2. Zinc-rich pancreatic secretion

What kind of zinc are available for absorption in the intestine

Zinc

this mineral converts CO2 to carbonic acid in cells

1. Zinc will not be absorbed and excreted in shed by the intestinal cells

2. absorption is reduced

During zinc recycling, if the body does not need zinc, what would it do?

Mucuosal cells releases zinc to albumin and transferrin for transport

During zinc recycling, if the body needs zinc, what would it do?

Gustin is a salivary polypeptide that is necessary for the development of taste buds

what mineral is present in gustin?

Gustin

is a salivary polypeptide that is necessary for the development of taste buds

The pancreas uses zinc to make digestive enzymes and secretes them into the intestine

During zinc recycling, how does the pancreas uses zinc?

Albumin and transferrin

What are the two transport vehicle of zinc

A. Presence of high fiber and phytates

B. High dosage of copper, calcium, phosphorus, and cadmium

C. Twice the amount of iron to zinc

D. Geophagia

What are the factors that inhibit zinc absorption?

Protein containing foods: red meats/MFP, shellfish, fortified cereals , whole grains

Sources of zinc

Vulnerable groups: growing, pregnant, elderly

Zinc deficiency is common in people

Hair loss

Dermatitis and skin changes

Growth and Retardation

Impaired taste acuity

Delayed Wound healing

Night Blindless

Impaired Immune Response

Delayed Sexual maturity

What are the consequences of severe zinc deficiency?

Zinc

A deficiency of this mineral can provide low secretion of gonadotropic hormones responsible for growth, maturation, expulsion of the ova.

Causes VHED and LIHI

V- voMITING

H- headache

E- exhaustion

D-iarrhea

L- Loss of appetite

I- Impaired immunity

H- Low hdl

I- Iron deficiency

Toxicity for Zinc

Depending on the soil in which the vegetables are grown

About phytate content and vegetables:

the zinc content of vegetables varies and it depends on?

Iron

What is the most abundant trace element in the body?

Ferritin, hemosiderin, and transferrin

What is the 3 forms of iron

1. ferrous Iron (reduced form) Fe ++ - Better absorbed

2. Ferric iron (oxidized form) Fe +++

What are the two ionic state of Iron

HM C PACO

H- consitutent of hemoglobin

M- myoglobin

C- convrsion of beta carotene to active vit.A

P- Purine synthesis

A- antibody production

C-ollagen synthesis

O-xidation of glucose to produce energy

C- cofactor to enzymes ( oxidation-reduction reax)

What are the functions of iron

Hemoglobin and myglobin (which both iron helps to carry, accept, and release oxygen)

What are the body's iron?

Same with zinc: pero ferritin captures iron from food and stores it in Si and then releases it to transferrin for transport

How does the body absorb iron

Heme and Non-heme Iron

What are the iron forms that occur in foods?

Heme Iron

What form of iron is better absorbed?

Non-heme iron

Iron in foods that is not bound to proteins

Cereals, veggies, eggs

What are the sources of non-heme iron absorption?

MFP factor and Vitamin C promotes this mineral's absorption

MFP is a peptide releases during the digestion of meat,fish,poultry

What are the factors that enhance non heme absorption?

Increased

When there is iron deficiency there is an ____ in absorption

Decreased

When there is iron overload, there is a _________ in absorption

1. Phytates

2. Vegetables

3. calcium

4. tannins (tea, coffee- polyphenols)

What are the factors that inhibit non heme absorption?

18%- average

10%- veg diets

2%- GI disease

35% growing and healthy child

What is the absorption rate in average pop, with GI Disease, growing and healthy child,

Transferrin delivers blood iron to The BM and other tissues -> BM uses large quantities to make new RBCS

Metabolism of Iron

3-6 months

How many months is ferritin stored in our liver,spleen, bone marrow

Liver,spleen, bone marrow

Where is ferritin stored in the body?

Liver converts ferritin to hemosiderin

What does the body do if there is high concentration of iron in the blood?

Hemosiderin stores excess iron and protects the body against the damage that free iron can cause

What is the role of hemosiderin?

Free iron

Acts as a free radical attacking cell lipids, DNA, and protein

Hepcidin

it is the hormone produced by the liver to regulate iron balance

1. Limiting absorption in the SI

2. controls the release from the liver, spleen and bone marrow

How does hepcidin regulates iron balance?

1. DURING MENSTRUATION

2. PREGNANCY ( demand add iron to provide support to the growth of fetus, added volume

3. BLOOD LOSS during childbirth

Who are vulnerable to IRON DEFICIENCY?

STAGE 1: IRON Depletion

- Increases utilization of Iron stores = reduced iron stores, low ferritin but hemoglobin is WNl

STAGE 2: IRON DEFICIENT TRANSPORT

- Depletion of iron stores = low serum iron, high transferrin

STAGE 3: IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

- Decreases hemoglobin production = high EP (erythrocyte protoporphyrin) , low hematocrit

What are the three stages of ID

If there is high transferrin in the blood and low iron in the blood

What can determine the severity of deficiency?

ID = Depleted body iron stores w/o degree of depletion or to the presence of anemia

IDA = Severe depletion of iron stores= low hemoglobin

( blood cells are microcytic and hypochromic )

Iron deficiency vs Iron deficiency anemia

PICA = When referring to eating clay, baby powder, chalk, ash, and other inedible objects

PAGO= Eating large quantities of ice

AMYLO= Eating uncooked starch (flour, laundry starch, and raw rice)

Differentiate Pica/Geophagia, Pagophagia, and Amylophagia

HEMOSIDEROSIS: dietary related

= excessive hemosiderin the liver

= caused by iron intake thru supplements or failed iron absorption

= vitamin C cause iron overload

HEMOCHROMATOSIS: genetic related

=abnormal absorption

= enhances iron too much

Hemosiderosis vs. hemochromatosis

ferric form

majority of the iron present in food is in ————— form

occurs in the upper duodenum, some extent in the stomach

where is iron absorbed

ferrous iron - this is the absorbed form in the body

which is better absorbed in the body?

ferrous iron or ferric iron

about 20 mg of iron is needed, excess will be stored in the liver as ferritin and hemosiderin

how much iron is needed for the formation of hemoglobin

Muscles and Bones;

and metabolically active organs such as the liver, kidneys, and pancreas

Our manganese is found in what part of our body?

1. COFACTOR: superoxide dismutase & pyruvate cocarboxylase

2. CATALYST: GLUCOSE, AMINOACID, and LIPID metabolism & UREA SYNTHESIS

3. THIAMIN: needed to allow the body to utilize thiamin

4. BONE DEVELOPER: normal bone/tissue development

What are the functions of manganese in our body?

1. Higher intake of iron and calcium = lower mg absorption

2. Higher intake of phytates = lower mg absorption

What are the factors that inhibits manganese absorption?

Miners who inhale large quantities of magnesium = brain disease (nervous system disorders)

cause extreme weakness, anorexia, fatigue

Toxicity for manganese

Liver, heart, spleen, kidney, nails , tooth , enamel

What are the body organs that contains selenium in their composition?

1. Part of GP [glutathione peroxidase] working with vitamin E

2. Component of protein matrix of teeth

3. Maintains normal functioning of nerves and eyes

Functions of selenium

Selenium function

Iron and copper deficiency decreases synthesis of glutathione and tissue se concentration

Iron, Copper affect _______ function in the body.

1. Animals - Selenocysteine

2. Plants - SelenoMethionine

What are the two forms of Se mainly present in food?

- Se SPARES VITAMIN E

- Inactivates peroxides that oxidizes fats; peroxides are implicated in cancer and atherosclerosis

How does selenium prevents free radical formation?

Research shows that selenium in foods appears to be more effective in inhibiting cancer growth than selenium from supplements

What is the relationship of cancer and selenium?

Animal products: dairy products, seafood, meat

Plant products: mushrooms, nuts, whole grains

What are the sources of selenium

Selenium substitute for sulfur in amino acids methionine, cysteine, and cystine

What is the relationship or nutrient-to-nutrient interaction of sulfur and selenium?

Predisposition to heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous [keshan disease ]

= Heart enlargement and insufficiency

What are the deficiency symptoms of selenium?

Selenium

this mineral is part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which is essential in the body's antioxidant defense system

Garlic breath odor

Loss of brittleness to the nails and hair

Nervous system abnormalities

What are the toxicity symptoms of selenium?

1. It is absorbed by attaching to an amino acid

2.

- Sources of selenium

- Form/Solubility of the compound

- dietary ratio of selenium to sulfur

What are the factors that affect the absorption of selenium

COPPER

_____________ is closely associated with the functions of IRON because it helps in hemoglobin formatin

1. Helps in hemoglobin formation (erythrocuperin)

2. Promotes and utilization of Iron

3. Myelin sheath has copper in its component

4. Thyroxinase had copper in its component

5. Helps in collagen synthesis (lysl oxidase)

6. Component of oxidative enzymes for Amino Acid

7. melanin synthesis

What are the functions of Copper?

1. Anemia; bone abnormalities

2. Menkes Disease

Copper deficiency symptoms and genetic disorder

Wilson's Disease

this is a genetic disorder where excess amounts of copper are deposited in the liver, kidneys, cornea and brain .

Producing symptoms like ascites, tremor, and psychoses

cereals and onion have greater ability to take up Se than other veg

seafoods, liver,meats, wholegrain

Food sources for selenium

Polycythemia

can also have a goitrogenic effect

This is a typical cobalt toxicity that is characterized by INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF RBCS related with excess beer drinking

Cobalt

This is an essential component of vitamin b12 that is needed for rbc maturation

best source is liver

other:

organ meats , shellfish, nuts

Source of copper

1. essential component of b12 (rbc maturation)

2. cofactor for energy metabolism

3. activates arginase that converts arginine to urea

What are the functions of Cobalt?

Menkes Disease

(No hair Color)

this is also known as kinky hair disease, it is an x-linked neurodegenerative native disease of impaired copper transport

Liver

What is the best source of Iron?

3-4 g of iron

How many iron is needed to form hemoglobin?

dental fluorosis

it is also termed as mottled enamel,

extremely common disoroder characterized by mineralization of tooth enamel caused by ingestion of excessive fluoride during enamel formation

The intestinal cells absorb copper but cannot release it into circulation

treatment:

Giving copper intravenously

Describe menkes disease and the treatment for it

Cobalt

This is an essential component of vitamin b12 that is needed for rbc maturation

Liver damage (caused by excessive intake from supplements) and wilson's disease

Copper toxicity symptoms and genetic disorder associated with copper toxicity

Liver, kidney, Oysters, and Clams

Food Sources for Copper

Wilson's Disease

This is a condition where copper accumulates in the liver and brain

Can be controlled by reducing copper intake, using chelating agents such as penicillamine and taking zinc to inhibit absorption of copper

Treatment for wilson's disease

Thyroxinase

What is the enzyme that helps in the formation of melanin pigment

High intake of:

1. Iron

2. Vitamin C

3. Zinc

4. Calcium

5. Molybdenum and Sulfure (forms complexes kaya inhibited)

What nutrient decreases copper absorption

Iodide

It is the type of iodine that is in the body

Thyroid glands

Iodine is concentrated on what part of the body?

1. Carotene conversion to vit. A

2. Thyroxine synthesis (metab and growth)

3. Protein synthesis

4. Rbc production

5. CHO Absoprtion

6. Nerve muscle function

What are the functions of iodine?

Goitrogens

these are the substances that disrupt the production of thyroid hormones by interfering with iodine uptake

it can enlarge the thyroid gland and cause toxic goiter

heat and processing

Goitrogens can be inactivated by

Avoid eating raw and cook veg instead

1. Avoid cruciferous vegetables (from cabbage, kale, cauliflower, broccoli, turnip, brussel sprouts, and mustard greens) + Peanuts (red skin) + peas + cassava

2. use iodized salt

3. seafoods and seaweeds are good source of iodine

What foods can you recommend to a patient with iodine deficiency?