AP World Unit 1

(Europe) Absolutist Government

Government with descending power. It's complete power is held by a centralized sovereign individual, with no checks or balances from any other part of the nation or government.

Allah

• Arabic word for God

• He is the one and only God, Allah.

• He is the Creator & God of all Jews, Christians, Buddhists, Hindus, and Muslims.

Arabic

• A language that is the official language of several countries of North Africa and the Middle East, as well as the religion of Islam.

• Becomes language of TRADE, RELIGION, ADMINISTRATION, and EDUCATION.

Champa Rice

a quick-maturing, drought resistant rice that can allow two harvests, of sixty days each in one growing season.

Christianity

• A monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.

• Primary faith in Europe (main religion in Europe)

• Rome falls and Church dominates.

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

• influenced politics and culture.

Dar al-Islam (HOUSE OF WISDOM)

• an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule.

• HOUSE OF WISDOM in Bahgadad (House of knowledge was a library that had a collection so vast, it was known as a "Wonder of the world"

End of Roman Empire in 476 C.E.

Why it collapsed?

• Barbarian Attacks

• Overspreading and Military Expansion

• Reliance on slave labor

Estates-General (Europe)

A body to advise the king that included representatives from each of the three legal classes, or estates in France. It kept the society more civilized and organized.

Ethiopia (Solomonic Dynasty) from 1270 C.E. to 1636 C.E.

• primarily a Christian empire.

• built large churches to separate from Orthodox and Catholic Church and developed independently from them.

EUROPE (1200-1450): Feudalism/Feudal Hierarchy

• increased social system

• a system of exchanges of land for loyalty.

Hierarchy: (top to bottom)

1. Monarchs (kings, royalty)

2. Lords/Nobles (owners of land)

3. Peasants (lowest class, worked the land)

NOTE: Merchants can be as rich as nobles!

Europe (major trading items)

Iron, horse-collar, etc.)

EUROPE IMPORTANT

Italy was most wealthy because it was a big trade center!

EUROPE: Crusades

• the 1st crusade was a clear victory for Christendom.

(The European army conquered Jerusalem in July 1099 but Muslim forces under Saladin regained control of Jerusalem in 1187)

• the 4th crusade did not make it to the Holy Land and Islamic forces prevailed in Levant.

EUROPE: The tragedy of the 14th century

• The 100 years war

• The Black Death (1346 - 1353 CE) which originated in Asia.

• Spread in Europe through the SILK ROAD.

Foot Binding

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.

• considered as beauty to marry the rich.

Four Noble Truths of Buddhism

1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow.

2) The source of suffering is because of negative deeds and hatred and desire.

3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome desire.

4) The way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold Path which was a set of 8 prescriptions teaching us how to live.

Great Schism in Europe

• caused the split and break of the communion between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church.

• also called "Chalcedonian Christianity."

How did Buddhism migrate to China?

When the Monks introduced Buddhism to the Chinese by relating its beliefs to Daoist principles.

How did people prepare for the exams of the Imperial Bureaucracy?

People prepared for the exams of the Imperial Bureaucracy by studying the writings of Confucius and emperor's classics.

• Anyone, except women, were able to take the exams.

How did the Song Dynasty fall?

Mongols conquered the Jin and Song dynasties, and scholars were military leaders when they weren't fit for it.

How did the Song Dynasty utilize Confucianism to maintain control?

AND

Filial Piety

The Song Dynasty used ideas of Confucianism to maintain its ideas of FILIAL PIETY which is the duty of family members to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family or even its ruler.

Ibn Battuta

• Traveled throughout Afro-Eurasia using Muslim support through his journey.

• Battuta's "Rihla" focused on his pilgrimage and what he witnessed such as the growth of Sufism in Africa/Middle East.

Important Americas Information

• Mississippians created mounds to live in Cahokia which is the biggest mound.

• Incas (1438 - 1572 C.E.)

• Mayan (250 - 900 C.E.)

• Aztecs (1200 - 1500 C.E.)

Incas:

• matriarchal

• the Mita system - labor

• human sacrifices and animism

• weak from the civil war

• invented complicated terrace systems

Mayan:

• ruled by kings

• human sacrifices: killing human beings on the part of religion or ritual. It resembles the slaughter of animals served for religious purposes.

• separated by city-states.

• linked religion with science.

• advancements in astrology, mathematics, and the calendar.

Aztecs:

• "Greeks of the new world."

• Tribute System (women were needed to make cloths to give as tribute)

• city-states

Aztecs Social Hierarchy: (top to bottom)

1. Great Speaker

2. Land-owning nobles

3. Traders, craftspeople

4. Merchants and slaves

India & South Asia (Dar al-Islam time period)

• Muslim communities emerge in India

• Buddhists & low-castle Hindus find Islam attractive.

• there was a religious overlap

• Sufis were holy mystics that embrace a "popular Islam."

Is Chinese society patriarchal or matriarchal?

Chinese society is a patriarchal society which is where the man is the head of the family.

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

The 3 major monotheistic religions!

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r.1312-1337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture.

• the richest person in history who spent a lot of his money and created stereotypes about Africa.

Monotheism

the belief that there is only one true God.

Muhammad

• Born in Makkah in 570 C.E.

• Known to be the prophet of God and his teachings were spread all over Dar Al Islam.

• Received first message in 610 C.E. and message continued for 23 years.