Ap Psychology- Unit 2

maturation

processsof the following gentic plan

soma

cell body

dendrites

reciever fibers (short)

axon

transmitter fibers (can be very long)

myelin sheath

insulates the axon of many neurons (not all)

degeheration

slowed communication (MS)

terminal branches

axon branches off the end

terminal buttons

axon end, releases message

neural impulse

info travels through a neuron

order of impulse through neuron

dentries recieves, info soma, message travels down the axon

action potential

firing of a neuron

cell membrane

the axon selectivly peramble (it has gates)

refactory period

resting/non fire period

impulse is triggered by what?

presssure, heat, light, or chemical message triggers what?

thershold

a lone that once crossed something occurs

all or nothing firing

strength of stimulus doesn’t matter for impulse speed/intestity

synaspse

tiny gap between neurons

reuptake

unused neurotransmitters may go back into sending neurons

acetylcholine

muscle contraction, brain activity

endorphins

natural opiates, make us feel good

dopamine

learning, emotion, attention, movement, pleasure

serotonin

mood, hunger, sleep/arousal, digestion

norepinephrine

(adrenaline) alterness and arousal

depressants

alcohol, barbiturates, opiates

stimulants

caffiene, nicotine, cociane, amphetamies

hallucinogens

psychedlics- mind manifesting

agonist

mimic/excite activity

antagonists

block/inhibit activity

central nervous system (cns)

brain and spinal cord

perpheral nervous system

links to the CNS with everything else

nerves

bundles of axons that carry info to and from the CNS

sensory/afferent neurons

recieves external info then sends into CNS

internuerons/association neurons

processing neurons in the CNS

motor/effferent neruons

carry info from the cns to the body to carrry out actions

skeletal/somatic nervous system

controls voluntary movements

autonomic nervous system

controls “automatic” bodily functions

sympathetic nervous system

prepare us for action (fight or flight)

parasympathetic nervous system

conserves energy and calms us down

spinal cord

information super highway

brain

command center

neural networks

clusters of neurons working together

endocrime system

go get’em glands and horomones

horomones

chemical messagers secreted by glands

adrenal gland

releases epinephrine

pineal gland

secretes melatonin

thyroid

metabolism, body temp., development

pituitary gland

master glands, influences development and growth, influences release of horomones

lesion

surgically destory/remove tissue in the brain

EEG

brain wave recording

CAT/CT scan

x-ray, shows structures well

PET Scan

injected with radioactive glucose, measures use of glucose by neaurons and creates pictures, creates a colorful image

MRI scan

provides picture with details of tissue, sees fluid, flow, pouches, etc. atoms spin, the giant magnet of an MRI lines them up, radio wave disorients spin, atom give off signal when they return

FMRI

repeated pictures in one area, creates a movie inside the brain, shows bloodflow, help identify levels of activity

brain stem

most basic, primal part of the brain, where the spinal cord enters the skull, it is the crossover point.

medulla

where the spinal cord swells slightly, mostly deals with heartbeat and breathing

pons

where spinal cord swells a lot, helps coordinate movement, bladder control and sleep paralysis

midbrain

helps “pre-sort” vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wakefulness

reticular formation

run from the base of the skull to the thalamus, helpds control wakefulness (sleep vs. arousal)

thalamus

recive and sort incoming and outgoing information (expect smell), relay station for sensory information to be processed and transmitted to the cerebral cortex.

cerebellum

coordinates voluntary movement and balance, musclar learning a’nd memory, emotion, motivation,, when damaged= trouble walking moving standing upright

limbic system

core system of memory, emotion, motivation

amygdala

deals with aggression and fear

hypothalamus

deals with hunger, thirst, body temps, sexual drive etc.,, monitors/controls horomes , autonomic nervous system, regulates pituitary

custodial cells

help neural communication

glial cells

glue cells, are vital

cerebral cortex (cerebrum)

most advanced parts of the brain, surface layer of brain, billions of neurons

hippocampus

deals with memory, most amnesia=damage to hippocampus, processes most memories into long term memories

pleasure/reward centers

located in hypothalmus, pleasure from things

motor cortex

each body part has a part in this part, generate signals to direct the movement of the body

somatosensory cortex

touch and feeling sensory things

visual cortex

to receive, segment, and integrate visual information

auditory cortex

hearing

frontal lobe

large chunck of association, judging planning, decision making, personality

brocas area

formation of words

wernickes area

speech comprehension

angular gyrus

process written words into auditory code

aphasia

impaired use of language

brain plasticiity

the brain has the ability to reorganize/rewrite to some extent

neurogensis

brain does produce new brain cells, slowly

corpus callosum

connets band of axon fibers

left hemisphere

reading, writing, speaking logic, right vision, more active, deals with right side

right hemisphere

perception, spatial, reasoning, creativity, left side of body, left field of vision, less active

consciousnesss

our awareness and our envirnment

automatic process

uncouniness

parrell processing

the simultaneous execution of multiple tasks or instructions by dividing them into smaller subtasks that can be processed independently.

circadian rythym

biological day clock

suprachiamatic nucleus

triggered by light to slow production of melatonin

alpha waves

slow small quick brain waves

awake

alpha waves, relaxed state, unaware when fall asleep

Stage 1/NREM

2-5 min of light sleep, brain waves, breathing, etc. slow, hallucaitions, hypnic jerk

halluciations

dreamline sensation

hypnic jerk

sleep quake

Stage 2/NREM 2

20 min long, clearyly asleep, one way down and back up, sleep spindles occur, leads to sleeptalking

sleep spindles

bursts of brain activity

Stage 3 and 4/NREM 2

30 min, stage 3 is transiton, stage 4 is deep sleep, delta waves, sleep walking/wetting the bed, recovery time for athletes

delta waves

steep, long, slow waves

REM sleep (rapid eye movement)

5-20min, rapid brain waves, eyes dart back anf forth, signfies dreaming, paradoxial sleep, lots of activity, motor cortec active, brain stem blocks messages, hard to awaken, remember more when waking up during this stage

paradoxical sleep

rapid eye movement) sleep, is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, vivid dreaming, and muscle paralysis

REM rebound

we need rem sleep

sleep deprivation

lack of sleep that impacts a person