role of the father

what did Schaffer & Emerson find about PAF?

• only 3% of PAF's were fathers + in only 27% cases were father and mother joint first attachment figures.

• However, 75% of babies had formed attachment with father by 18 months.

what did Bowlby find about fathers?

• fathers could fill a role closely resembling a mother's role, however most cases father is more likely to engage in physically active + novel play + tends to be child's preferred play companion.

what did Grossman et al's longitudinal study find?

• fathers: more important for play and stimulation in child development and

• mothers: more important for emotional development.

• However, when fathers take on the role of primary caregiver, they adopt the emotional role more associated with mothers

• Research has shown primary caregiver fathers, like primary caregiver mothers, showed more reciprocity and interactional synchrony than the secondary caregiver fathers.

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