Mycology 4

How would you describe Nocardia spp?

G + branching filaments

What stain is used for Nocardia spp?

acid fast

Where will you typically see Nocardia spp?

cutaneous to SubQ

Pulmonary Disease

Systemic Disease

T/F Nocardiosis is an opportunistic pathogen and is highly invasive

True

What are the diseases that are seen with Nocardiosis?

Cutaneous/SubQ

Anctinomycotic granules

Pulmonary Disease

Systemic- lymphadenitis, visceral abscesses, peritonitis pleuritis

T/F Norcardiosis is less common than actinomycetes, but prevalence inc. due to immunocompromised hosts

True

Nocardiosis are ____ organisms which are able able to inhibit _____ fusion in neutrophils & macrophages due to mycolic acids in cell wall.

intracellular

phagosomelysosome

Lesions described as non healing. Draining tracts may contain ____

Granules

___ - chronic subcutaneous granulomatous lesion w/ granules. Draining sinuses.

____ occurs in dogs, less in cats. Inhalation. Characterized by weight loss, cough, nasal discharge, difficulty breathing, anorexia.

Systemic disease usually dissemination of ____ form.

Mycetoma

Pulmonary

pulmonary

What is the most common clinical manifestation of Nocardiosis?

bovine mastitis, cutaneous /subcutaneous abscesses & pneumonia.

How does Nocardiosis present in cattle and small ruminants?

oral lessions

mastitis

What does Nocardiosis cause in Goats and Swine?

Goats - mastiis, mycetomas, pulmonary infections

Swine - abortion, submandibular lumphadenitis

What does milk from a cow that has Nocardiosis look like?

white/yellow flakes or granules and blood clots

How does Nocardiosis present in horses?

SubQ

Respiratory

Disseminated Disease

How do you diagnose Nocardiosis?

G+ branching filament easily fragmented

What are TWO things that you have to differentiate Nocardiosis from?

Mycobacterium

Actinomyces

How would you culture Nocardiosis?

grows on blood agar at 37C

hold for at least 10 days

Biochemical identification

How do you treat Nocardiosis?

drainage and lavage

surgical excision

long term antimicrobial therapy

What does the success of treatment for Nocardiosis depend upon?

Success relies on antimicrobial therapy w/ the use of surgical debridement.

(Lesions that are thick walled & contain little exudate may require resection & wound reconstruction.)

What are some examples of Antimicrobials that you can use to treat Nocardiosis? (thungrat is crying rn)

Sulfonamides

Amikacin

Cefotaxamine

Minocycline

Imipenem

Erythromycin

Where is Dematiaceous Fungi found?

found in the soil, decaying matter, and vegetation

What is the Dematiaceous Fungi cell walls made up of?

Melanin

What does the melanin pigmentation provide protection against?

environmental stresses and contributes to virulence

How would you describe the structure of Dematiaceous Fungi?

yeasts and filamentous structures

T/F Dematiaceous Fungi is a opportunistic pathogens

True

What are TWO examples of Dematiaceous Fungi?

Phaeohyphomycosis

Chromoblastomycosis

(theses are made up words)

T/F The clinical syndromes differentiated based on histological findings for Dematiaceous Fungi

True

Which Dematiaceous Fungi is associated with superficial & deep infections?

Phaeohyphomycosis

What is associated with deep tissue infection usually of extremities with granules, associated with warmer environmental temperatures?

mycetoma

What produces a spherical body common to tropic geographical locations?

chromoblastomycosis

___- – evades immune response, prevents lytic enzymes on fungal cell wall, makes cell walls thicker, reduces effectiveness of antifungals

Melanin

What are the cutaneous infection sites of Phaeohyphomycosis?

facial to distal extermities

singular or multifocal

What are the SUBQ infection sites of Phaeohyphomycosis?

nodular to ulcerative lesions with draining tracts

T/F Most severe are cerebal infections due to neurtophic Cladophialophora bantidianum

True

How would you describe a Mycetoma?

chronic, granulomatous progressive SUBQ infection

What are TWO things that you have to differentiate Mycetoma from?

pseudomycetoma or bacterial mycetoma

T/F Mycetoma has organisms inoculated due to minor trauma

True

What is the order of Mycetoma enlarging and spreading as agent grows?

papule -> nodule -> tumor like -> sinuses -> grains

T/F Mycetoma incubation time is unclea

True

What are some initiating causes for Mycetoma?

Trauma or Foreign Body

How does Mycetomas present?

soft tissue swelling and osteolytic changes

What is something that you cannot clinically differentiate from?

Actinomycoctic infection

What is a fungi that causes chronic infection of cutaneous and SUBQ tissue and has sclerotc bodies?

Chromoblastomycosis

How would you describe the nodules Chromoblastomycosis?

nodular, warty lesions. Granuloma like. Can be quite large and extensive

Chromoblastomycosis are ____ granuloma like lesions with no what?

nodular

no draining tracts

How do you diagnose Chromoblastomycosis?

microscopic examination

histopathology

culture

How do you treat Chromoblastomycosis?

reverse immunosupression

surgical excision

sytemic therapy

The sclerotic body or muriform cells are a ___ phase. What may it require?

parasitic

Requires radical surgery.

What drug can you use to treat Chromoblastomycosis?

Itraconazole (in combi therapy)

T/F There is no single drug or combination is associated with imporved outcome of Chromoblastomycosis

True

T/F Prognosis in abdominal mycetoma is guarded. No comfirmed success with debridement & systemic therapy.

True