L1: MYCOLOGY - INTRODUCTION

cell wall

• chitin: surrounds the cell membrane

• chon and protein

• potent antigens

cell membrane

• bilayered

• contains ergosterol

capsule

• polysaccharide coating surround the cell wall

• protection against phagocytosis

• stained with india ink stain

hypha

• basic structural unit

mycelium

• aggregates of hypha

septate hypha

• with crosswalks/partitions

aseptate hypha

• continuous (ex: zygomytes, rizous, mucor)

mold phase

• cottony mycelial mass

• grows on room temperature

• occurs in filaments/hyphae

yeast phase

• creamy colonies resembling bacterial colonies

• grows at 37 deg celsius

• consists with solitary cells produce by budding

monomorphic

• mold or yeast (either the two)

dimorphic

• capable of 2 growths: mold to yeast (and pwede ulit bumalik sa dati)

asexual reproduction

• fungi imperfecti (deuteromycetes)

sexual and asexual reproduction

• perfect fungi

sporangiospores

• enclosed in sporangium (ex: rhizopus sp., mucor sp)

conidiospores

• at the end of the hyphae (ex: aspergillus, penicillum)

chlamydospore

• in between hyphae (ex: candida sp)

arthrospores

• fragementation of hyphae (ex: trichosporon)

blastospores

• budding (ex: candida albicans)

heterothallic

• requires other individual thallus

homothallic

• have the ability to self-fertile

ascospores

• they are enclosed in ascus/asci

zygospores

• fusion of 2 gametes/haploid nuclei (ex: zygomycetes)

oospore

• forms when an oogonium (female gamete) is fertilized by an antheridial (male gamete) nucleus (ex: oomycota)

basidiospore

• enclosed in a club-shaped basidium (ex: basidiomycetes)

saboraud dextrose agar

• general isolation

mycosel/mycobiotic

• sda + cycloheximide and chloramphenicol

cornmeal agar

• studying mycelium or pseudomycelium formation, and for the study of candida species

birdseed agar

• used for selective isolation and differentiation of cryptococcus neoformans from other cryptococcus and other yeast

cottonseed agar

• use to convert blastomyces mold to yeast phase

germ tube test

• outgrowth produced by spores of spore-releasing fungi during germination

• sample is suspended in a serum then examined under microscopy for the presence of germ tube

urease test

• cryptococcus neoformans, coccidioides immitis, histoplasma capsulatum, sporothrix schenckii, trichosporon, aspergillus

hair perforation test

• use to differentiates dermatophytes

polyenes

• binds to ergosterol, amphotericin b

azoles

• inhibits conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol: miconazole

allylamines

inhibits epoxidase: terbinafine

echinocandins

• inhibits glucan formation: caspofungin

exogenous route

• airborne, cutaneous (trauma/direct inoculation)

endogenous route

• colonization by normal flora

• reactivation of previous infection

primary infection

• direct infection/establishment of pathogen

opportunistic

• causes disease in immunocompromised/weakened immune system

superficial mycoses

• affects the superficial layer of the skin

• confined to the stratum corneum

• does not illicit inflammation

cutaneous mycoses

• involve the integument and its appendages, including hair and nails )stratum corneum or deeper layers of the epidermis)

• can ellicit inflammation

• dermatophytosis

• Dermatophytes

subcutaneous mycoses

• infects the subcutaneous tissues usually at the point of traumatic inoculation

• inflammatory response develops in the subcutaneous tissue frequently with extension into the epidermis

deep/systemic mycoses

• Involves organ systems

• Routes: Respiratory Tract, Digestive Tract, Circulatory system