Respiratory System

What is the the purpose of the respiratory system ?

1. Provide oxygen to the blood

2. remove CO2 from the blood

What is the composition of Air?

78% of Nitrogen which is essentially inert ( it does not react easily)

20.8% of Oxygen that is used for Cellular respiration

The rest is

Carbon dioxide

Water vapor (humidity)

argon an ozone O3

These does not influence our breathing

What is Aerobic respiration?

Define Air What stays the same and what change regardless of altitude ?

Respiration with oxygen

Glucose React with oxygen to produce CO2, water, and ATP ( energy)

- Mixture of various gases, it is NOT AN ELEMENT OR COMPOUND

Regardless of altitude, country etc... The percentage is the same. What changes is the overall pressure with altitude

What organism needs Nitrogen?

Why is Nitrogen completely inert with regards to human breathing?

What is air pressure at sea level?

Does sea level decrease with altitude?

Plants

because it does not react easily with other substances

760 mmHg

Yes- as we go higher sea level decreases

Define air pressure?

Why does air spread out on altitude?

the amount of force exerted by the mass of air- it comes from all directions, not just from above

- because there is less pressure at altitude so molecules are further apart.

T or F

Air pressure goes down on altitude= higher elevations

Does the percentage of gases change?

T

No the percent of gas does not change on higher elevation

Which pathway of air has 3 parts, is in the back of the throat

swallowing initiated here nasal passages meets air from mouth here

Pharynx

Which pathway of air is considered as the voice box

larynx

Which pathway of air is surrounded by hyaline cartilage and has "C" shaped

trachea

T or F

each branch of the bronchiole tree gets narrower/smaller down to the terminal bronchiole (the smallest tube)

T

Which pathway of air are air sacs at the end of the terminal bronchiole covered by pulmonary capillaries?

How does gases cross the alveoli/ capillary junction?

What liquid lowers the surface tension inside the alveoli to prevent alveoli from sticking to itself?

Alveoli

The surface area is maximized (REMEMBER LUNGS ARE NOT HOLLOW)

via simple diffusion

Surfactant

T or F

Men and Women have different lung capacities based on average size of each gender

What is the the average total lung capacity in males?

What is the average total lung capacity in females?

T

5.8 liters

4.3 liters

Which measured volume is the addition of the IRV, TV, ERV, and RV?

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Which measured volume is the amount of air you take in and out in a regular breath... like the tides

Tidal Volume (TV)

Which measured volume is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after your deepest exhale, this allows the alveoli to stay open- if they close the wet surface on the inside will make it harder to re-open

(THE LUNGS CAN NEVER BE COMPLETELY EMPTIED)

Residual Volume (RV)

Which measured volume is the volume of the deepest inhale from the end of a tidal volume to the peak of the inhale

IRV ( Inspiratory Reserve Volume)

Which measured volume is the volume of the deepest exhale from the end of a tidal exhale to when you have no more breath

ERV (expiratory reserve volume)

What is the mechanics of breathing/

how air is pulled into the lungs

how does breathing begin?

the contraction of diaphragm

when the diaphragm contract it pulls down lungs

What is Boyle's Law ?

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

as volume increases pressure decreases

- the pressure goes down in lungs when the diaphragm contracts

What happens to the diaphragm when you're breathing at rest?

Tidal volume is small

Inhale: diaphragm only contracts slightly, creating a small pressure gradient. Air flows in slowly

Exhale: diaphragm relaxes/elastically recoils to original position creating a slightly higher pressure which forces air out slowly

What happens to the diaphragm when you're breathing forcibly?

Inhale: diaphragm pulls down further, so lungs have larger volume, so pressure gets lower and more air rushes in

Exhale: diaphragm relaxes, but ab muscles and intercostal muscles help squeeze volume of lungs down forcing a higher pressure therefore air out faster

What is Partial Pressure?

understanding how oxygen gets to the tissues ( and how carbon dioxide gets out)

Whose gas law is this Total air pressure in the sum of all the individual pressures of each gas

Dalton's of Partial Pressure

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere ?

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli?

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in artery?

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues/muscles ?

159 mmHg

104 mmHg

104 mmHg

40 mmHg

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere?

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli?

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in veins ?

What is the partial pressure of CO2 tissues/muscles ?

.3 mmHg

40 mmHg

45 mmHg

45 mmHg

What do basics plants produce via photosynthesis?

How do muscles/ tissues use O2?

O2

Cellular respiration

T or F

PO2 is trachea is "mixed" between atmospheric O2 entering body and depleted O2 from alveoli leaving body

T

What refers to the exchange of gases between the systemic capillaries and the tissues?

Internal Respiration

Oxygen moves from systemic capillaries to tissues via diffusion

Carbon dioxide moves from tissue to systemic capillary via diffusion

What refers to the exchange of gases between the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli

External Respiration

Oxygen move from alveoli to capillary via diffusion

CO2 move from capillary to alveoli via diffusion

How blood transfer Oxygen and Carbon dioxide?

Oxygen- Oxyhemoglobin on the RBC accounts for most oxygen transport. Small % diffuses into the plasma

Carbon dioxide- 70-80% diffuses in the bloodstream as HCO3(bicarbonate) the rest can bind RBC on a different site than oxygen

How many control center of respiration are there?

4 neurological centers in the brain that play a role in breathing control

2 in pons and 2 in medulla

what does DRG do and what it location

"paresetter" excites the diaphragm (12-15 bpm)

Back of the medulla

What does VRG do and what it location

forced expiration

found on the front side of the medulla

What prolonged inspiration + and breath holding -

send signal via DRG

Apneustic (pons)

what sends consistent inhibitory signal to DRG

Pneumotaxic

which term mean paused/inhibited breathing

Apnea

which term means normal breathing

eupnea

which term mean inadequate delivery of oxygen to tissues

hypoxia

What percent of CO2 travels dissolved in plasma?

T or F

Carbon monoxide has very high affinity for Hb ad will "steal" spots from O2

97%

T

What are the 4 factors for influencing RR and depth?

1. Hypothalamic Control (hormones)- emotions stimulate breathing changes

2. Cerebral Cortex (brain)- voluntary decision on how to breathe. - up to an extent

3. Environmental- cigarette smoking asthma, allergies

4. CHEMICAL

a. pH of blood

b. PO2 in blood

c. PCO2 MOST SENSITIVE

How does Carbon dioxide feedback work? a decrease in CSF can cause what

When CO2 levels in blood increase, it causes pH of CSF to decrease.

A DECREASE IN CSF pH CAUSES AN INCREASE IN BREATHING RATE and DEPTH

What is Internal respiration?

exchange of gases between the systemic capillaries and tissue

What in External respiration

exchange of gases between the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli

VC=?

IRV+TU+ERV

TLC=?

(IRV+TV+ERV)+RV or VC+RV