BIO111 Final Exam Review Questions

Vocabulary flashcards for review questions on cellular biology, molecular biology, and biochemistry.

Free Energy

Energy available to do work in a thermodynamic system.

Prokaryotes

Cells lacking a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotes

Cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Symporter

A membrane protein that transports two different molecules across a cell membrane in the same direction.

Anti-porter

A membrane protein that transports two different molecules across a cell membrane in opposite directions.

Enzymes

Proteins that act as biological catalysts by speeding up chemical reactions.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The process by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

Transcription

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.

Translation

The synthesis of a protein from an mRNA template.

Promoter

A DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.

RNA Polymerase

The enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

Ribosomes

Cell component that distinguishes the smooth ER and rough ER.

Phagocytosis

Cellular process of engulfing large particles or cells.

Pinocytosis

The uptake of small droplets of fluid by a cell.

Protein Secondary Structure

Common structural elements in proteins, such as alpha helices and beta sheets.

Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis

A type of endocytosis mediated by the protein clathrin.

Saturated Fatty Acid

A fatty acid containing only single bonds between carbon atoms.

Lipid Structures

Small, spherical vesicles used for transporting substances between organelles in the endomembrane system.

Exocytosis

The movement of large molecules or substances out of the cell.

Polar Molecule

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, resulting in a positive and negative end.

Charged tRNA

tRNA molecule to which an amino acid has been attached