TERMINOLOGIES VOLUME 5

In measure of congestion highway capacity , what will happen as the density continues to increase?

The point is reached at which speed declines noticeably

Traffic sign

Device mountedon a fixed support permanent signs) or portable support (temporary sign) whereby a specific messageis conveyed by means of words or symbols placed or erected for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic

Batching

Whatis the process of proportioning the cement , water, aggregates and additives prior to mixing concrete called?

Decrease

A wave generated in deep water, when reaching shaoling waters, charges not only in its height but also in its lengthbut period will

Significant wave

A maximum wave height and waveperiod of the maximum wave height in wave train

Wind sea

When directly generated and affected by local winds, a wind wave system is called?

Roadworks signs

Warn or advise of temporary hazardous conditions that could endanger road users or the men and equipment enggaged on roadwork.

Special Instruction Signs

Signs that instruct road users to meet certain traffic rule requirements or road condition.

Seichers

Are typically caused when strong windsand rapid changes in atmospheric pressure push water from one end of a body of water to the other.

Wind swells

Are created by the wind blowing above the oceanclose to the shore.

Wake effect

The wind speed decrease and turbulence increase. This change on the wind flow is what we called ?

Wind Sea

When directly generated and affected by local wind, a wind wave system is called?

Isotropic materials

Materials whose properties remain the same when testedin different direction.

Orthotropic

Its mechanical or thermal properties are unique and independent in three mutually perpendicular directions.

Homogeneous

Defined as materials of uniform composition throughout that cannot be mechanically disjointed, in principle, into different materials.

Prismatic

The cross-section is the same at any location across the long axis of the beam.

Focal depth

Fault line

A fractired plane in the Earth's crust across which relative displacement has occured.

Dip angle

The current dip or dip angle isthe angle of a formation referenced from the horizontal plane.

Ground displacement

Is how far the surface moves during the earthquake

Seismometer

The internal part of the seismograph , which may be pendulum or a mass mounted on a spring

Seismographs

Are instruments used to recore the motion of the ground during an earthquake

Richers Scale

A device,quantitive measure of an earthquake s magnitude

Charles Richer & Bueno Gutenberg

American seismologist in 1935 that invented the device Ritchers Scale.

Magnitude

Determined using the logarithms of the amplitude of the largest seismic wave calibrated to a scale by a seismograph

Caisson

Is a water weight structure that is usedto carry out construction or repair work in the water, particularly in the construction of bridges, dams, and other large structures.

Shoring

Is a temporary support system used in construction to provide temporary structural support to an existing structure or excavation.

Pier

Refers to raised platform or structure that extends out over a body of water , such as a river , harbor, or ocean and provides a docking point for ships to load and unload cargo or passenger.

Guide sign

Used to provide information to road users about routes, directions, distances, points of interest and the location of services such gas stations, rest areas, hospitals, and hotels,

Traffic instruction sign

Traffic sign used to provide information, guidance or instruction to road users.

Grade separation

This involves separating conflicting flows of traffic vertically, such as through the use of overpasses or underoasses.

Space sharing

This involves sharing the same space with other road users, such as through the use of shared lanes or bike lanes.

Time sharing

This involves the allocating different times for different flows of the traffic, such as through the use of reversible lanes or time-of- day restrictions.

Separating traffic

This involves providing separate facilities for different types of traffic, such as bike lanes, side walks and medians.

Traffic signals

Regulate the movement of traffic vehicles and pedestrians at intersections to avoid conflicts.

Roundabouts

Circular intersections that move traffic in counterclockwise direction, eliminating left turns and reducing the number of conflict points.

Grade separations

These are structures that carry one mode of transportation over another, such as overpasses and underpasses, to avoid conflicts at intersections.

Speed limit

Reducing speed limits in areas with highpedestrian or bicycle traffic can help to reduce the risk of conflicts.

Proper signage and markings

Clear and visible signs and markings can help drivers and pedestrians understand the rules of the road.

Education and awareness

Can help to promotes safe behaviors and reduce the conflicts on the roads.

Travel time Delay

The difference between the actual travel time and some ideal travel time for a given segment of a transportation system.

Queue

Refers to the time a vehicle spends waiting in a queue.

Transverse cracks

Approximately at the right angles to the pavement centerline, which may caused by shrinkage or differential thermal stress of the asphalt concrete or maybe reflective creacks.

Alligator cracks

Is a type of distress in asphalt pavement that appears as a series of interconnected cracks resmbling an alligators skin.

Block cracks

is the type of pavements distress that appears as interconnected rectangular cracks , resmbling a block pattern.

Longitudinal cracks

Cracks in pavement that run parallel to the direction of traffic flow or the pavement centerline.

Screeding

To level a floor or layer of concrete with straight edge using a back and forth motion while across the surface

Floating

Is a finishing process where large , flat bladed tool is used to level and smooth the surface of freshly poured concrete. Typically done after the initial screeding process to remove any surface imperfections and consolidate the concrete surface.

Lunar tides

Refer to the rectangular rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull moon on the earths oceans.

Troweling

a finishing process where large , flat bladed tool is used to level and smooth the surface of freshly poured concrete. Is a hand tool with a flat blade used to apply, spread and smooth concrete, plaster or other materials . It is a process can be done by hand or power trowel and helps to create a durable ,dense and smooth surface finishing on the concrete

Diurnal

Is a type of tidal pattern chategorized by single high tide and low tide in a tidal day. The difference of high and low tide usually not as great as in other types of tide.

Finishing

Refers to the final stage in which the surface of the concrete is treated to achieve the desired appearance,texture and durability.

Age of tides

Owing to the retardation of the tidal wave in the ocean by fractional force, as the earths revolved daily around itsxis and as the tides tends to follow the direction of the moon , the highest tide for each location is the non coincident with conjunction and opposition but occurs at some constant time after new full moon. This interval which may amount as 2.5 days is known as?

Poisson's Ratio

A fundamental material property can be observed when a material is subjected to axial tension. It elongates in the direction of the applied load while it contracts in the direction perpendicular to the load.

Ultimate Strength

The maximum ordinate of stress strain diagram

Strain Hardening

An occurrence in a ductile material which allows it to be stressed considerably beyond the yield point without failure.

Fatigue

Phenomenon when a material due to repeated stress cycles, below the material's ultimate strength.

Creep

The gradual deformation of material over time under constant stress often at high temperature.

Toughness

The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deformation without fracturing

Proportional limit

Maximum stress at which stress is directly proportional to strain

Elastic limit

Maximum stress a material can withstand w/o permanently deforming

Yield stress

Marking the transition from elastic to plastic behavior, is the minimum stress at which a solid will undergo permanent deformation or plastic flow without a significant increase in the load or expernal force.

Ultimate stress

Maximum stress a material can withstand before it fractures

Ductility

Ability to be stretche or drawn into thin wire or thread without breaking

Melleability

Ability to be pounded or rolled into various shapes or thin sheets without breaking.

Strain energy

Define as the energy stored in a body due to deformation.

Resilience

Ability of material to absorb energy when its deformed elastically, and release that energy upon unloading.

Stress

Unit strength of materials.

Shearing stress

Produced whenever the applied load causes sliding to the sections.

Bearing stress

It is contact pressure between two separate bodies.

Normal stress

It is either tensioe or compressive stress produced by force acting perpendicular to the area.

Raveling

Wearing way of the pavement surface caused by dislodging of aggregate particles and binder. This usually a result of insufficient asphalt binder in the mix stripping of asphalt from particles of aggregate.

Most important process to prepare concrete

Batching

slump test

A test to determine the relative consistency of concrete

These are written instructions detailing how the facility is to be constructed

Specifications

Semi durinal tides

Refer to a pattern of tidal fnctuations characterized by two high tidesand two low tides of approximately equal size occuring in a 24 hour period. This type of tidal pattern is influenced by the gravitational forces both the moon and the sun and commonly observed in coastal areas around the world.

Bleeding

Is a form of distress in asphalt pavement cahracterized by the upward movement of asphalt binder in the pavement surface . This can occur when there is execess asphalt binder kn the mix high pavement temperstures or low air voids in the pavements. The excess asphalt binder then rises to the surface and form a film, which can result slick, shinny surface that reduces skid resistance and can lead to safety hazard.

Flushing

The occurence of a film of asphalt binder on the pavement surface, caused by excessive application of low viscosity asphalt emulsion or an asphalt binder. Usually occurs in areas with high traffic volume or where the pavement surface is exposed to direct sunlight and high temperatures.

Join cracking spalling

Is the deterioration or breaking of concrete at joints , or crack due to the effect of traffic loading, temperature changes and freeze thaw cycle.

Admixture

Is a material added to concrete in addition to cement , water and aggregate during the mixing process.

Water sement ratio

Is the ration of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in concrete mix . It is an important factor in determining the strength, durability of concrete as well as its woability and setting time.