Anatomy and Physiology Lab Exam 2

Systole Def, Diastole Def:

Systole- Contraction, Caused by action potentials (depolarization) of cardiac Muscle cells, Atrial systole-> ventricular systole, blood ejection.

Diastole- Relaxation, blood fills the heart chambers

Electrical Conduction System of the Heart

Sinoatrial Node- Pacemaker, Atrioventricular Node- Receives action potentials, AV Bundle- Electrical connection between the Atria and Ventricles, Right and Left Branches- Sends action Potential to Purkinje fibers, Subendocardial Conduction Network- send action potential to ventricular cardiac muscle fibers and papillary muscles. Then stimulates them to contract.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Records electrical changes in the entire heart muscles

Main Waves and Segments

P Wave- Atrial depolarization, QRS Complex- ventricular depolarization, T Wave- ventricular repolarization

3 Heart Rates

Bradycardia- below 60 beats/min, Normal sinus rhythm- 60-100 beats/min, Tachycardia- More than 100 beats/min

Heart Rate Calculations

300/# of large squares

Cardiac Cycle Length and Cardiac Output

Heart Rate- number of heart beats per minute

Length of cardiac cycle- 60/heart rate

Pulse- the blood pressure wave that travels through the arteries when the ventricles contract

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

Heart Sounds

Lubb- First sounds (little longer and louder than

dubb). Occurs with blood turbulence from the

closure of the two AV valves at ventricular

systole.

Dubb- Second sounds. Occurs at ventricular

diastole when the two semilunar valves close.

Blood Pressure

- Systolic blood pressure - Ventricular systole

- Diastolic blood pressure - Ventricular diastole

- Pulse Pressure - difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

- Mean arterial pressure = average blood

pressure over the course of the cardiac cycle

Sphygmomanometer

Blood Pressure Cuff

Respiratory System Functions

Ventilation- movement of air in and out of body

Respiration- O2 diffusing into blood and CO2 diffusing out

Upper Airway- Nose & Pharynx

Lower Airway- Larynx, Trachea, bronchi & Lungs

Divisions of Respiratory System

Conducting Zone- Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles. Provides route for air, filters, warms and humidifies incoming air.

Respiratory Zone- Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, pulmonary alveoli

Main sites of gas exchange between air and blood

Larynx

-Voice Box

-Single Unpaired Cartilages- Thyroid cartilage (adams apple), Cricoid Cartilage, Epiglottis (Epiglottic cartilage), Glottis is the opening to the larynx

-Paired Cartilages- Small; located in the posterior wall of the larynx. Arytenoid cartilages, Corniculate cartilages, Cuneiform cartilages

Pleura

Parietal Pleura- lines the thoracic cavity

Visceral Pleura- Covers the surface of lung

Pleural Cavity- Space between the 2 plural layers and contains pleural fluid

Spirogram

Air volumes exchanged during breathing and rate of ventilation are measured with a spirometer -- record is called a spirogram

Tidal Volume (TV)

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one normal breath

Inspiratory and Expiratory Reserve Volume

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation - 3300ml (M), 1900ml (F)

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) - Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation (1000ml (M), 700ml (F).)

Residual Volume (RV)

Amount of air that remains in the lung

after a maximal exhalation (1200 ml (M), 1100 ml (F))

Vital Capacity (VC)

(VC) = TV + IRV + ERV

Maximum volume of air expelled after a maximal inhalation

Predicted Vital Capacity

Male:

VC= [(0.052 x height) - (0.022 x age)] - 3.60

Female:

VC= [(0.041 x height) - (0.018 x age)] - 2.69

Lung Capacities

Inspiratory capacity (IC) = TV + IRV

Functional residual capacity (FRC) = ERV + RV

Total lung capacity (TLC) = IRV + TV + ERV + RV

Peritoneum

Parietal Peritoneum- lines inner surface of the abdominopelvic

Visceral Peritoneum- Covers organs with the abdominopelvic cavity

Peritoneal Cavity- Peritoneal Fluid

Folds in Peritoneum

• Mesentery - Holds the small intestine to the

posterior abdominal wall

• Mesocolon - Holds the large intestine to the

posterior abdominal wall

• Falciform ligament - Binds the liver to the

anterior abdominal wall

• Greater omentum - Apron-like structure

attached to the greater curvature of the stomach

and the transverse colon

• Lesser omentum - Attached to the lesser

curvature of the stomach and the liver

Metabolism

- Anabolism

• Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones

e.g., Amino acids --> Proteins

- Catabolism

• Breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler

ones

e.g., Proteins --> Amino acids

Digestion

- Mechanical digestion

• Mastication (chewing) in the mouth

• Muscle movements (peristaltic waves and backward

movements) in the stomach

-- Mix food and gastric juices to form a soupy mixture

called chyme

• Peristalsis and segmentation in the small intestines

- Chemical digestion

• Digestive enzymes

- Catabolize macromolecules (substrates) into smaller

molecules (products)

- Each enzyme has its optimal conditions

(pH, temperature, etc.)

pH in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Mouth: pH 6.35-6.85

Stomach: pH 1-3

Duodenum: pH 6

Jejunum: pH 7.5

Ileum: pH 7.5

Benedicts Test

• To detect the presence of reducing sugars

• Reducing sugars have an aldehyde group (-CHO) or

the ketone group (-CO) (monosaccharides, some di-,

oligo-, and polysaccharides)

Benedicts Test Results

Negative: Blue

Positive: Green, yellow, orange, red, brown

Biuret Test

To detect any compounds containing peptide bonds

(proteins)

Biurets Test Results

Negative: Blue

Positive: Purple, pink, lavender

Pulmonary Function Tests

Pulmonary Volume- how much air can lungs take in

Pulmonary Capacity- how much lung is functioning

Peristalsis

relaxing and contracting the muscle of the muscularis layer to move food

BIle

Produced in liver

Stored in gallbladder

Emulsification

breaking up large lipids into smaller lipids using the bile salts