Sociocultural - Studies and info (WIP)

Which studies are used for stereotypes?

Steele and Aronson and Hamilton and Gifford

What studies are used for Social Identity Theory?

Tajfel and Turner and Chen et al

Which studies are used for Social Cognitive Theory?

Joy, Kimball, and Zambrack and Charlton et al

What studies are used for Cultural Dimensions?

Berry and Chen et al

What studies should you use for Enculturation?

LAMM et al and Berry

What study should be used for Acculturation?

Miranda and Matheny

What studies should be used to describe the influence culture has on behavior and identity?

Berry and Steel and Aronson and Hamilton and Gifford

What studies should be used to describe cultural causes of behavior and cognition?

LAMM et al and Berry

What was the aim of Steele and Aronson?

To show how stereotype threat can affect performance in African Americans

What was the method used for Steele and Aronson?

Independent measures experiment

What was the procedure of Steele and Aronson?

114 male and female black and white students from Stanford were split randomly and equally into two conditions: testing "intellectual ability", testing "problem-solving". They took a verbal ability test with these conditions

What was the results of Steele and Aronson?

African Americans did worse when they were told it was a test of their ability rather than when they were told it was a test of problem solving skills.

What was the Conclusion of Steele and Aronson?

When the African Americans witnessed Stereotype threat, they did worse than their white counterparts, vise versa.

Evaluate Steele and Aronson

- there may or may not exist "stereotype threat" due to multiple studies defying it

- sample is not representative of the general population

- lower scores does not directly indicate stereotype threat -> could be due to stress/salience

What is the aim of Hamilton and Gifford?

to determine the formation of stereotypes/cogitive biases

What was the method used in Hamilton and Gifford?

repeated measures experiment

What was the procedure used in Hamilton and Gifford?

40 American undergrads split in half by gender and randomly divided into two groups: A and B (minority). Participants were told that group B was smaller before giving statements to each person that was positive or negative. They were then asked to rank participants on a scale of traits and then determine if a trait was "undesirable".

What were the results of Hamilton and Gifford?

Group A was ranked higher for positive traits than Group B and lower for negative traits. Participants recalled more positive traits for Group A and more negative traits for group B.

What can be concluded from Hamilton and Gifford?

Because the minority group was smaller in size, the negative behaviours seemed more distinct and representative of the group.

Evaluate Hamilton and Gifford:

Has high internal validity and low ecological validity, some findings were not significant, many practical applications have been used from this study.

What was the aim of Chen et al?

To study how culture affects decision-making

What was the method used by Chen et al?

Independent measures experiment

What was the procedure of Chen et al?

-participants were primed to be more like one culture: American or Singaporean

-shown 12 photos of that culture and asked to write how many they could remember afterwards

-then they went to a book buying scenario were they where told that they get the book a day earlier if they spent more money

-finally they were asked to name the first 3 politicians that came to mind

What were the results of Chen et al?

Those who were primed towards their American identity chose to get the faster delivery and those who were primed towards their Singaporean identity chose to wait a little longer. The 3 politicians they came up with correlated their primed identity.

What can be concluded from Chen et al?

People from Western cultures were more likely to place a higher value on immediate consumption. If you prime an individual towards a certain identity, their behavior will be in par with said culture.

Evaluate Chen et al:

The politician section was used to confim the priming effect, was very naturalistic, the study was conducted in Singapore which may be a confounding variable -> priming a more singaporean identity.

What was the aim of Tajfel and Turner?

To investigate if boys placed in random groups based on an arbitrary task (minimal group) would display in group favouritism and inter-group discrimination.

What was the method used in Tajfel and Turner?

independent measures experiment

What was the procedure used in Tajfel and Turner?

64 middle school boys from a school in Bristol, UK were randomly separated into overestimators or underestimators after guessing how many dots are on a board in front of them. They were then told that they can anonymously give money points to people.

What was the result of Tajfel and Turner?

people gave more money points to the ingroup and less to the outgroup

What can we conclude from Tajfel and Turner?

When there is even one trait of discrimination present (minimum group paradigm), ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation will arise

Evaluate Tajfel and Turner?

Can be replicated easily (paradigm), using young boys may influence the results because they think of the study as a game, sample is not generalizable

What is "The Marshmallow Test"?

Children had a choice: get a treat right now, or wait a little bit and get a bigger treat created by Walter Mischel in the 1960s and leads to correlations of success/failure

What was the aim of LAMM et al?

to show how enculturation can affect behaviour through German and Cameroonian kids

What was the method used for LAMM et al?

overt observational study

What was the procudure used for LAMM et al?

Cameroonians don't have marshmallows, so they were given an equivalent (small puff pastry). The pastry/marshallow was placed in front of the children in a room alone, the experimenter told them if they didn't eat it, they would receive another one, and the experimenter left. A later study was done looking at the heritage culture and social norms of the children.

What were the results of LAMM et al?

70% of Cameroonian kids were able to wait for their treat compared to 30% of German kids. 1/3 of Cameroonian kids and 1/2 of German kids just gave it a nibble. 8 Cameroonian kids slept while no German kids did. In the second study, Cameroonians placed more emphasis on conforming and hierarchical relational socialization, while Germans placed more emphasis on individuality and personal freedom. There was a 0.25 positive correlation between the results of the two studies.

What can be concluded from LAMM et al?

The heritage culture of the children influenced by their agents of socialization affected the behaviour that was seen in the Marshmallow Test.

Evaluate LAMM et al

Lack of a longitudinal study doesnt look at the change in children over time. Is correlational and not causational. Triangulation is used.

What is the aim of Berry?

to explain why some cultures have higher conformity rates than others specifically in high/low accumulating food cultures (Tenme and Eskimo)

What was the method that Berry used?

The Asch line paradigm -> slightly changed and an independent measures experiment

What is the procedure that Berry used?

Eskimo (more traditional), Tenme (more modern), and Scottish (control) engaged in the Asch lie paradigm instead writing their answers on a piece of paper. There was one line at the top and 8 beneath, they were told this and then were told to match the top line with the ones underneath. In the testing trials, the experimenter would say "most (Tenme/Eskimo/Scottish) people say (wrong answer) matches the one at the top". Conformity was measured based on the distance from the incorrect answer that the participant answered.

What were the results of Berry?

Tenme had higher levels of conformity to group norms than other groups.

Evaluate Berry (1967)

The study might not be realistic to modern-day societies and focus on answers that lack consequences, which lacks ecological validity. The distinction between conformity and low/high accumulating food cultures is made clear through hunting (for most success) and farming (following what works best) strategies of said cultures.

What is the Asch paradigm?

An experiment by Soloman Asch where a group of confederates and a participant answer a question verbally and publically about how long a line is compared to other lines. The common result that is seen from this experiment is that when the wrong answer is given by the confederates, the participant will follow as well.

What is the aim of Joy, Kimball, and Zambrack?

study the impact of television of children's behavior

What was the method used for Joy, Kimball, and Zambrack?

longitudinal natural quasi-experiment

What was the procedure used for Joy, Kimball, and Zambrack?

looked at three towns in British Columbia, Canada (Notel), first in 1973 when they did not have tv and then in 1975 when they had one channel. The two other towns received a new channel aswell but already had access to tv previously. Examiners observed the physical and verbal aggression of 120 elementary school children on the playground. Teachers and peers also gave ratings of this aggression over the years.

What were the results of Joy, Kimball, and Zambrack?

Aggressive behaviour increased over time, not in the other two towns. Teachers + peers supported the findings. Males were more physically aggressive than females. Favorite shows did not impact results.

What can be concluded from Joy, Kimball, and Zambrack?

There was increased aggression with the introduction of the tv, however, it may be heightened arousal due to being unfamiliar with television, leading to a greater likelihood of aggression.

Evaluate Joy, Kimball, and Zambrack:

Completely correlational -> quasi-experiment. Also a small town which can lead to confounding variables like modernity. Has strong ecological validity due to being a longitudinal study. Is not very generalizable to other cultures.

What is the aim of Charlton et al?

To investigate the effects of television on children's behaviour

What was the method used in Charlton et al?

longitudinal natural quasi-experiment

What was the procedure used in Charton et al?

Children (3-8 y/o) were observed before and after the introduction of tv on a island. Interviews w/ parents/teachers/children.

What were the results of Charlton et al?

There was no increase in anti-social behavior in the children. Television did not cause an increase in the amount of violent behavior.

What is the conclusion of Charlton et al?

That television does not have any significant effect on aggression in children

Evaluate Charlton et al:

highly natural -> good ecological validity, more or less covert observation (hidden cameras), the community was close and controlled which may act as a confounding variable, some shows and channels that were used in the UK that were considered aggressive for children were not aired on the island.

What was the aim of Miranda and Matheny?

to investigate which factors in the lives of Latino immigrants to the United States would decrease the level of acculturative stress

What was the method used in Miranda and Matheny?

survey/questionnaire

What was the procedure used in Miranda and Matheny?

participants completed a questionnaire and tests to assess family cohesion, level of acculturation, acculturative stress, and coping strategies for stress

What were the results of Miranda and Matheny?

researchers found that immigrants with effective coping strategies, good proficiency in English, and a strong family structure were less likely to experience acculturative stressin addition, immigrants who spent a longer time in the US were less likely to demonstrate this stress and showed a higher level of acculturation (no quantitative data...)

What can be concluded from Miranda and Matheny?

the study shows that there are *many protective factors that may influence the extent to which an individual acculturates and the effect this will have on mental health

Evaluate Miranda and Matheny:

Questionnaires are quick, cheap, and efficient, and have a low internal validity and a high ecological validity. Completely correlational and can have social desirability biases. Questionnaires are not very representative of people's lives. Used an etic approach which surveys more surface culture and was ethical.