UTS: L1-L3

Philosophy

Philosophy

This means “Love for wisdom”; overachieving inquiry into the nature of humane existence

Philo

This means love in Greek, one of the two words comprising philosophy.

Sophia

This means wisdom in Greek, one of the two words comprising philosophy.

Socrates

Athenian Philosopher. Father of westdsrn Philosophy. He was mainly concerned with the problem of the self. He believes that the true task of philosophers is to know oneself.

Socrates

He believed that every man is composed of body and soul. Every human person is dualistic.

Body

The imperfect, impermanent (changing) aspect of humans.

Soul

The perfect and permanent aspect of humans.

Rene Descartes

The Father of Modern Philosophy; believed that the human is a thinking being.

“COGITO ERGO SAM”= I think therefore I am.

3 types of soul/self

• Rational Self/Soul

• Appetitive Self/Soul

• Spirited Self/Soul

Rational Self/Soul

A soul that is forged by reason.

Appetitive Self/Soul

Soul in charge of base desires (basic biological needs to survive)

Spirited Self/Soul

Soul in charge of emotions

John Locke

The Father of Modern Philosophy; believed that the human is a thinking being.

“COGITO ERGO SAM”= I think therefore I am.

David Hume

An emperisist who believed that one can know only what comes from senses and experiences.

He argued that there is no self. To him, self is but a bundle of impressions.

David Hume

Scottish; An emperisist who believed that one can know only what comes from senses and experiences.

He argued that there is no self. To him, self is but a bundle of impressions.

Impressions

The basic objects of our experience or sensation.

Ideas

Mere copies of impressions

Immanuel Kant

German; He believed tht we construct the self via experience.

Philospher in the age of enlightenment

Psychology

The study of the soul/mind.

Psycho

This means soul or mind

Logos

This means study.

Carl Jung

Proposed the archetypes and that self-realization is the process of attaining self.

Id

The pleasure principle

Ego

Reality principle

Super-ego

Morality principle

Freud's Psychosexual Theory of Development

• Oral

• Anal

• Phallic

• Latency

• Genital

Oral Stage

Stages Birth-12 months; Mouth

Anal Stage

1-3yrs; Anus

Phallic

3-6yrs; Gender Identification

Oedipus complex

Son's sexual attitude towards his mother and concomitant hostility toward his father

Electra complex

A girl's psychosexual competition with her mother for possession of her father.

Latency Stage

6-puberty; sexual impulses are repressed, leading to a period of relative calm.

Genital Stage

Puberty-adulthood; forming intimate relationships

Defense Mechanisms

unconscious resources used by the ego to decrease conflict within themselves, specifically between the superego and id. (They did not get what they want, basically)

10 Defense Mechanisms

1. Repression

2. Denial

3. Regression

4. Projection

5. Displacement

6. Reaction Formation

7. Rationalization

8. Sublimation

9. Introjection

10. Fixation

DM: Repression

Hiding feelings instead of confronting

DM: Denial

Refusal to accept reality

DM: Regression

Reverting to less mature thinking

DM: Projection

misattributing uncomfortable feelings to the other person.

DM: Displacement

Shifting blame to someone weaker

DM: Reaction Formation

Adaptation of views opposite of own/recognize how they feel, but they choose to behave in the opposite manner.

DM: Rationalization

Justification to please unpleasant feelings.

DM: Sublimation

Redirect strong emotions or feelings into an object or activity that is appropriate and safe.

DM: Introjection

Incorporating positive actions of another person to own ego.

DM: Fixation

Excessive attention to something

Carl Jung

Swiss; Proposed the archetypes and that self-realization is the process of attaining self.

Archetypes

Ancient images that derive from collective unconscious. Mainly expressed through dreams

Erik Erikson

A German-American psychoanalyst who made the Psychosocial Development Theory.

He recognized for the phrase ”identity crisis.”

Shadow

Darker side, Sex and life instincts

Anima/Animus

Masc/Fem aspects

Carl Rogers

Psyche

Erik Erikson

A German-American psychoanalyst who made the Psychosocial Development Theory.

He recognized for the phrase ”identity crisis.”

Psychosocial Development Theory

• Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy from birth to 18 months)

• Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years from 18 months to three years)

• Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years from three to five)

• Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle school years from six to 11)

• Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion (Teen years from 12 to 18)

• Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult years from 18 to 40)

• Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle age from 40 to 65)

• Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Older adulthood from 65 to death)

Carl Rogers

American; Composed the Self Theory, where there is a real self and an ideal self.

Real Self

This is the self of who and what we really are

Ideal Self

The self that we expect ourselves to be, what we are not.

Self Image

View of the self in terms of weaknesses and strengths

Self Esteem

Positive and Negative thoughts about self

George Herbert Mead

Symbolic Interaction Theory. Believes in the social self that develops through interaction.

Sociology

the scientific study of human society

Society

A group of people, interacting, living atst in one place

Culture

This plays a vital role in self-development. Distinct and unique to parts of the world.

George Herbert Mead

American; Symbolic Interactionism Theory. Believes in the social self that develops through interaction.

Symbolic Interactionism Theory

Importance of language and other symbols in human interactions

Preparatory Stage

Mimicy

Play stage

Role play

Leon Festinger

Consider myltiple roles

Significant Others

Influencive

Game stage

American; Looking glass self where it is how you asses urself based on others perspectives.

Self labelling

Vonsisten labeling

Leon Festinger

Amwrcian, Made the Social Comparison Theory, where the self is influenced by downward and upward social comparisons.

SCT: Downward Social Comparison

Compare self with lower which is ego boosting

SCT: Upward social comparison

compare self with higher; boosts motivation

Henri Tajfel & John Turner

made the Social Identity Theory. “Where do u belong?” social groups basically

Ervin Goffman

Self Presentation Theory; how u present urself to others.

Self-Presentation Theory

• Ingratiation: 👍👍

• Intimidation: ಠ_ಠ

• Exemplification: （￣︶￣）↗

• Supplication: <( _ _ )>

• Self-Promotion: ╰(*°▽°*)╯

Geert Hofstede

Dutch psychologist. Individualism vs Collectivism

Individualism

Independency and self- reliance; relying on others is shameful.

Collectivism

All for one, one for all. Everyone supports each other!

Self-Realization

To Jung, this is the process of attaining selfhood

Selfhood

This means enabling all the psychological components to work in harmony and unity.