ANAPHY FINALS (Cardiovascular System: Blood)

deliver oxygen and nutrients

The primary function of blood is to _____ to and remove wastes from body cells.

defense, distribution of heat, and maintenance of homeostasis.

The specific functions of blood also include

Transportation

Nutrients from the foods you eat are absorbed in the digestive tract.

Transportation

Every one of the 40 trillion cells in your body — a veritable galaxy of cells— needs access to those nutrients.

bloodstream

enables the delivery of nutrients to body cells.

blood at the lungs

Oxygen from the air you breathe diffuses into the?

oxygen-rich blood

then travels from the lungs to the heart, which then pumps it out to the rest of the body.

Endocrine glands

scattered throughout the body release their products—called hormones—into the bloodstream.

bloodstream

carries hormones to distant target cells.

Blood

picks up cellular wastes and byproducts from each and every cell.

Blood

transports wastes and byproducts to various organs for removal.

Defense

Many types of WBCs protect the body from infection, from SARS CoV-2—the virus that causes COVID-19—to bacteria that are found on the surfaces of our environment.

Defense

Other WBCs seek out and destroy internal threats, such as cancerous cells.

blood platelets and fibers

When damage to the body results in bleeding, ____ and _____ dissolved in the plasma interact to seal the ruptured blood vessels.

Blood platelets and fibers

protect the body from further blood loss

Maintenance of Homeostasis

Body temperature is regulated via a classic negative-feedback loop.

homeostatic mechanisms

Maintenance of Homeostasis

If you exercise on a hot day, your rising core body temperature will trigger _____, including increased transport of blood from your core to your skin, to allow for heat loss off the surface.

cold

Maintenance of Homeostasis

On a ___ day, blood is diverted away from the skin to prevent heat loss and maintain your core body temperature.

Blood

helps to maintain the chemical balance of the body.

Proteins and other compounds in blood

act as buffers, which thereby help to regulate the pH of body tissues.

Blood

helps to regulate the water content of body cells.

plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and dissolved substances

Blood is a mixture of?

densities

The components of blood can be separated by their

Centrifugation

This process will occur slowly if blood is left in a tube or bag, but it can be sped up by?

plasma (containing the dissolved substances) in the top of the tube or bag, leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets in the middle, and red blood cells at the bottom.

After centrifugation or settling, the blood separates into three components:

buffy coat

WHOLE BLOOD:

The small middle layer is often called the

Plasma

being the least dense, rises to the top.

Red blood cells

are the densest and settle at the bottom of the tube.

A thin layer of white blood cells and platelets

separates the plasma from the red blood cells.

pressure gradient

The movement of blood through the circulatory system is based on a

more pressure (the contracting heart) to where there is less pressure.

Pressure Gradient

Blood will move from where there is

Bulk Flow

Since every component of blood is equally subject to that pressure, the fluid moves all together, in bulk.

bulk flow

refers to the movement of a mixture according to its pressure gradient.

Viscosity

Whole blood is viscous and somewhat sticky to the touch.

Viscosity or thickness

is one factor in its resistance to flow.

the blood vessels

Blood travels through strawlike tubes—______—and therefore its viscosity is one determining factor in its flow.

plasma proteins and formed elements within the blood.

The viscosity of blood is influenced by the presence of the?

blood volume

Approximately 8 percent of adult body weight is the

lower and higher

Smaller individuals have a ___ blood volume and larger individuals have a ____ blood volume.

slightly lower blood volumes

Individuals who menstruate regularly may have ____ than those who do not menstruate.

4-6 liters

Adult blood volume ranges from

3 liters is blood plasma

Of that five liters of whole blood volume, approximately —

water

Like other fluids in the body, plasma is composed primarily of ____; in fact, it is about 92 percent water.

substances, including many proteins.

Dissolved or suspended within this water is a mixture of

very small quantities

There are literally hundreds of substances dissolved or suspended in the plasma, although many of them are found only in

reflection of the current homeostatic state of the blood.

There could not be one consistent and true list of the substances within plasma, because the plasma is a

proteins

About 7 percent of the volume of plasma—nearly all that is not water—is made of?

enzymes and hormones

These include several plasma proteins (proteins that are unique to the plasma), plus a much smaller number of other proteins, including?

Albumins

are the most abundant of the plasma proteins.

albumins

Made by the liver, _____ serve as transport vehicles for fatty acids and steroid hormones.

regulator of osmotic pressure of blood

Albumin is also a _____. that is, its presence helps to retain water inside the blood vessels and prevents too much water from being drawn toward the tissues.

animal kingdom

Albumin is not just an abundant protein in human bodies, but it is abundant throughout the

Egg whites

for example, are almost entirely composed of albumin.

Globulins

The second most common plasma proteins are the globulins.

Globulins

The second most common plasma proteins

alpha, beta, and gamma globulins

Globulins

A heterogeneous group, there are three main subgroups known as

alpha and beta globulins

are transport proteins; they help shuttle iron, lipids, and the fat-soluble vitamins to the cells.

osmotic pressure

Alpha and Beta Globulins, like albumin, they also contribute to

gamma globulins

are proteins involved in immunity and are better known as antibodies or immunoglobulins.

leukocytes

Although other plasma proteins are produced by the liver, immunoglobulins are produced by

fibrinogen

The least abundant plasma protein is

liver

Like albumin and the alpha and beta globulins, fibrinogen is produced by the

various ions, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium

In addition to proteins, plasma contains a wide variety of other substances. These include

dissolved gasses, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.

Plasma contains

vitamins, lipids, glucose, and amino acids.

Plasma contains various organic nutrients, such as

metabolic wastes

Plasma contains

Fibrinogen

It is essential for blood clotting

Erythrocytes

commonly known as red blood cells (or RBCs), are by far the most common formed element.

millions of erythrocytes and just thousands of leukocytes

A single drop of blood contains

25 percent

Erythrocytes are estimated to make up about ____of the total cells in the body.

Erythrocytes

They are one of the smallest cell types in the human body.

erythrocytes

transport gasses

carry oxygen

Erythrocytes can carry several gasses—including carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, as well as hydrogen ions—but their primary function is to

blood gasses

Erythrocytes are sleek and efficient carriers of

Erythrocytes

They have few organelles and no nucleus.

biconcave disc

Without much in the way of internal contents, the shape of an erythrocyte can be described as a ____; that is, they are plump at their periphery and very thin in the center.

hemoglobin molecules

Since erythrocytes lack most organelles, there is more interior space for the presence of the ____ that transport gasses.

gas exchange

The biconcave shape also provides a greater surface area across which _____ can occur, relative to its volume.

Capillaries

the smallest blood vessels, are extremely narrow, slowing the passage of the erythrocytes and providing an extended opportunity for gas exchange to occur.

fold themselves like a taco

The space within capillaries can be so minute that, despite their own small size, erythrocytes may have to ____ in order to make their way through.

Hemoglobin

is a large molecule made up of proteins and iron.

globin, designated alpha 1 and 2, and beta 1 and 2.

Hemoglobin consists of four folded chains of a protein called

Heme

Each of these globin molecules is bound to a red pigment molecule, which contains an ion of iron (Fe²⁺).

one oxygen molecule

Each iron ion in the heme can bind to ____therefore, each hemoglobin molecule can transport four oxygen molecules.

individual erythrocyte

may contain about 300 million hemoglobin molecules, and therefore can bind to and transport up to 1.2 billion oxygen molecules.

oxygen-rich environments

When hemoglobin molecules are in ______, they will bind oxygen molecules.

In oxygen-poor environments

hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen decreases and oxygen will readily fall off the hemoglobin molecule.

Oxygenated Blood

When the hemoglobin—and therefore the blood environment—is carrying more oxygen

Deoxygenated Blood

The oxygenated blood then travels to the body tissues, where it releases some of the oxygen molecules

Reduced Hemoglobin

Deoxygenated hemoglobin is sometimes referred to as

Oxygen release

depends on the need for oxygen in the surrounding tissues.

70–80 percent oxygenated

Hemoglobin rarely, if ever, leaves all of its oxygen behind; in fact, “deoxygenated” blood is usually still

Changes in the levels of RBCs or the number of hemoglobin molecules they carry

can have significant effects on the body’s ability to effectively deliver oxygen to the tissues.

Anemia

Any condition that results in insufficient numbers of RBCs or insufficient ability to carry oxygen

Polycythemia

An overproduction of RBCs produces a condition

increased viscosity of the blood

The primary drawback with polycythemia is not a failure to directly deliver enough oxygen to the tissues, but rather the

polycythemia

Since blood flow is opposed by resistance, and one factor of resistance is viscosity, _____ makes it more difficult for the heart to circulate the blood throughout the circulatory system.

kidneys

are responsible for filtering some wastes out of the blood and producing urine

kidneys

serve as ideal sites for receptors to monitor if the blood is sufficiently saturated with oxygen.

not carrying enough oxygen

If, over the course of a day, the kidneys were receiving blood that was consistently low in oxygen, then it stands to reason that the blood is _____ for the body’s daily needs.