AP Bio FRQ Unit 1

What are four organelles found in eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough & Smooth), Golgi Apparatus

What is the function of the nucleus?

Control center; contains DNA, directs protein synthesis, cell division, and gene expression.

What is the function of mitochondria?

Site of cellular respiration; produces ATP to power cellular processes.

What are the functions of the rough and smooth ER?

Rough ER: processes & transports proteins. Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Packages and sorts proteins/lipids into vesicles for transport to final destinations.

Where is genetic material stored in prokaryotes?

In the nucleoid region (not enclosed in a membrane).

How do prokaryotes perform cellular respiration?

Across the plasma membrane using embedded enzymes (no mitochondria).

Where does protein synthesis occur in prokaryotes?

On free ribosomes in the cytoplasm (no ER).

What three observations support the endosymbiotic theory?

1) Mitochondria/chloroplasts have their own DNA. 2) They have double membranes. 3) They reproduce independently by dividing.

Where are ribosomes that synthesize CFTR located?

Bound to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Where is a mutant CFTR protein with an ATP-binding site mutation most likely located?

Plasma Membrane (it traffics normally but is non-functional)

What is the pathway for normal CFTR protein production?

Nucleus → mRNA export → RER (translation/folding) → Golgi (modification) → Vesicles → Plasma Membrane

Which two populations show statistically significant differences in trichome density?

Population I and Population III (their 95% CIs do not overlap)

Why are Pop I and III significantly different?

Their 95% confidence intervals (mean ± 2 SEM) do not overlap.

What is the independent variable in the herbivore experiment?

Presence or absence of herbivores

What is the dependent variable?

Trichome density (number/cm²)

What is the control treatment?

Plants grown under identical conditions but without herbivores

How long should the experiment run to measure natural selection?

At least 2–3 generations

What result would support the hypothesis?

Herbivore-exposed plants show increased trichome density over generations; control group shows no change.

What is the apparent molar concentration (osmolarity) of potato cells?

Approximately 0.28 M (where % mass change = 0%)

What are the two components of water potential?

Solute potential (Ψs) and Pressure potential (Ψp)

Why is water potential important for plants?

Drives water uptake from soil (high Ψ) into roots (low Ψ); regulates turgor pressure for structure/growth.

What happens to animal cells in 0.0 M sucrose?

Water enters → cells swell and burst (lyse) — no cell wall.

What happens to animal cells in 1.0 M sucrose?

Water leaves → cells shrink (crenate) — hypertonic environment.

What is cohesion?

Water molecules attracted to each other via H-bonds → surface tension, xylem transport.

What is adhesion?

Water sticks to other surfaces via H-bonds/polarity → helps water climb xylem walls.

What is water’s solvent property?

Polarity allows it to dissolve ions/polar substances → carries nutrients (e.g., in blood).