AP Euro Semester 2 Final exam deck for 80q cumulative year multiple choice

don't fail

Alexander II of Russia

Emperor of Russia from 1855 until his assassination in 1881.

• issued Emancipation Edict in 1861 which officially abolished serfdom but still made it difficult for peasants to obtain land

• supported equality before the law and independent courts

• financed construction of Trans-Siberian Railroad (world's longest)

• modernized military and created first Russian draft

• reforms moved slowly and he ultimately still ruled as an absolute monarch

"blood and iron"

"Blood and Iron" was the speech that Otto Von Bismarck gave with the belief that a strong industry and military was needed in a country to have success. The blood represented the military while the iron represented the industry of Germany.

Realpolitik

"realistic politics," practical politics, end justifies the means, power is more important than principles

• needs of country and leader come before everything else

• Machiavellian approach to power politics

• used by Otto von Bismarck and Camillo di Cavour

• using whatever means necessary to achieve political goals

Camillo di Cavour

known for leading Italian unification, he drove Austrian forces out of Sardinia in 1858 & worked to gain control of northern Italy with the support of Napoleon III and the liberal Italian middle classes

• joined with Garibaldi's united southern provinces to officially unify Italy

Ems Dispatch

A telegram edited by Bismarck to insult the French people while making it sound as though they had insulted the Prussians - led to the Franco-Prussian war which Prussia won handily and violently and furthered animosities between French and Germans

Franco-Prussian War

(1870-1871)

War between France and Prussia and the final step towards the unification of Germany

• Caused by Otto von Bismarck after he altered a telegram from the Prussian King in order to provoke the French into attacking Prussia

• He hoped he could encourage the independent German states to support Prussia in a war against France, and he was correct (thus creating a united Germany)

• important territories of Alsace and Lorraine ceded to Germany

• Treaty of Frankfurt was signed in the Palace of Versailles as a slap in the face for the French and fueling a French/German rivalry for the future

Crimean War

War from 1853-1856 between Russia and an alliance of Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France

• Russia wanted control of Black Sea and to prove their military strength against a weakening Ottoman Empire

• France and Britain wanted to maintain balance of power, so they intervened to help the Ottomans and prevent Russia from becoming too powerful

• one of the first wars to be followed closely by civilians through newspaper coverage, journalist access, & photos- viewed as a useless war

• humiliating for Russia and showed them the need to industrialize and modernize

Giuseppe Garibaldi

(1807-82)

Italian patriot and military figure who led the Red Shirts to unify the southern states of Italy by using nationalism

• joined his unified southern states with Cavour's unified northern states to create one united Italy under the rule of King Victor Emmanuel II

Pan-Slavism

a movement to create an independent nation state of Slavic people from Central and Eastern European countries

• popular in Russia & Austria in particular

Papal States

A group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 until 1870, when they were incorporated into the newly unified Kingdom of Italy

Prussian-Danish War

1864: Germany & Austria fought Denmark to gain control of provinces of Schleswig and Holstein, which Denmark had been trying to incorporate into their territory despite their partially German population.

• victory against Denmark gave Prussia control of Schleswig and Austria control of Holstein

• led to Austro-Prussian War

Treaty of Plombieres

secret treaty between Camillo Cavour and Napoleon III to set up a potential war with and defeat of Austria in order to expel Austria from the Italian peninsula prior to Italian unification

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian chancellor from 1862 to 1890

• best known for using realpolitik to engineer a series of wars to unify Germany- used diplomacy, industrialized warfare, and manipulation of democracy to unify Germany

• maintained balance of power through complex alliance systems designed to isolate France

• tried to create a conservative, centralized state

Young Italy Movement

Group of Italian patriots dedicated to spreading ideas of nationalism.

Victor Emmanuel II

(1820-1878)

The King of Piedmont (northern Italy) that appointed Cavour his Prime Minister and supported the unification of Italy.

Florence Nightengale

British nurse and mother of modern nursing

• worked on the front lines during the Crimean War to care for British sick and wounded

• improved sanitary conditions for the military and believed in importance of maintaining a clean environment

Risorgimento

"Renewal, to be born" movement in Italy to recreate a strong, unified Italian nation-state

Baron Haussmann and Paris

Napoleon III undertook a vast reconstruction of the city of Paris under the direction of Baron Hausmann

• medieval narrow streets and old city walls was destroyed and replaced by modern broad boulevards, and spacious buildings.

• the new Paris served a military as well as an aesthetic purpose: broad streets made it more difficult for would-be insurrectionists to throw up barricades and easier for troops to move rapidly through the city to put down revolts.

William Gladstone

liberal British statesman who served as prime minister four times (1809-1898)

• argued for more rights for Africans and Indians

• fueled popular mass interest in politics

Benjamin Disraeli

British conservative politician who passed the Second Reform Bill and extended the right to vote to a million more middle class men in order to broaden the political base of the Conservative party

Reform Act of 1867 (Britain)

important step towards the democratization of Britain

• lowered property requirements to vote

Education Act of 1870

goal was to decrease illiteracy and created by the liberals (Gladstone)

• created a national education system - in a few years, school enrollment doubled and illiteracy greatly decreased.

Mir

Village commune where the emancipated Russian serfs lived and worked collectively in order to meet redemption payments to the government.

• instead of being given land along with their personal freedom, Russian peasants were forced to redeem the land they farmed by paying off loans from the government, which compensated the original landowners

Emancipation of serfs

Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia

• former serfs did not obtain any political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained.

Zemstvos

local elected assemblies set up in Russia under Alexander II

• allowed aristocrats to control local affairs like education and public health

realism

A 19th century artistic movement (1850-1900ish) in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

• emphasis on truth and honest depiction

• rejection of Romantic nostalgia and emotion

• drew attention to social problems of the day (effects of industrialization, etc)

• Famous artist: Jean-Francois Millet

• Famous writers: Charles Dickens, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy

emphasis on truth and honest depiction - rejection of Romantic nostalgia and emotion - drew attention to social problems of the day (effects of industrialization

Paris Commune

A brief Parisian movement created after the fall of Napoleon III

• created from socialist and anarchist workers

• fought for reforms in education, welfare, and women's rights

• defeated after bloody fights with police

Nicholas I of Russia

Ruled Russia during the period of revolutions and effectively crushed any revolutions and uprisings.

• used police surveillance and censorship and encouraged schools to teach principles of autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality without any room for political dissent

"Eastern Question"

The "question" posed by the great European powers about the future of the Ottoman territories

• as the Ottoman Empire declined, questions circulated as to who would gain influence and territory in the region as the empire continued to weaken

Piedmont-Sardinia

the largest and most powerful of the Italian states and led by Prime Minister Camillo di Cavour

• cooperated with France to provoke Austria, who governed northern provinces of Italy, into a war

• northern Italian states were united under Piedmont rule in 1861

Corn Laws Abolished

repealed in 1846 and helped facilitate free trade instead of the protective tariffs

Victorian England

Under Queen Victoria, England saw progress and stability in contrast to the chaos of the rest of the continent

• increasing suffrage, flexible political party system, etc

• women saw increased rights in the ability to divorce and own property, etc

Reichstag

The popularly-elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871.

Second Industrial Revolution

Another expansion of manufacturing, transportation, and trade from 1870-1914

• increased development of chemical engineering (plastics, etc), electrical, oil, and steel industries

• mass production of consumer goods, food, and clothing

• popularization of cinema, radio, and leisure activities like organized sports

Cartels and Trusts

• cartels: groups of industries organized into a monopoly for fixing prices

• trusts: placing stocks or property under the direction of others-the trustees

• purpose is to control prices and competition; restricted the free market-govts began to impose tariffs

Monopolies

Corporations that gain complete control of the production and trade of a single good or service.

• limits or controls competition in their industry

boom and bust cycle

a period of strong economic growth followed by a period of sharp decline

Dual Monarchy

1867 compromise that joined Austria and Hungary under two different crowns due to the violent revolutions of 1848

• shared ministers for foreign policy, finance, and defense

• recognized political power of Hungarians (largest ethnic minority in the empire) by creating two capitals and two official languages

• Emperor Franz Joseph was a member of the Habsburg family

Belgian Congo

Colony personally owned and controlled by King Leopold II of Belgium

• prosperous rubber and ivory colony

• treated indigenous people savagely, often cutting off their hands if rubber quotas were not met

• subject to one of the first uses of the term "crimes against humanity"

• international outcry led the Belgian Parliament to take the colony away from Leopold in 1908, becoming a Belgian colony

Boer War

(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.

Boxer Rebellion

1900 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of poor Chinese peasants who opposed the European and Japanese influence in their country, particularly the Christian missionaries who they viewed as disrespectful.

• rebellion was ended by British troops, but 100,000 were killed and the Europeans forced Chinese government to pay millions of dollars in reparations

Opium War

1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade that Britain was imposing on them, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong.

British East India Company

set up trading posts in India in the 1600s, beginning the British economic interest there

• controlled India until the Sepoy/Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which point the British government took direct control of the territory

jingoism

extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

Rudyard Kipling

(1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands

"White Man's Burden"

1899 poem by Rudyard Kipling that encouraged the idea that European countries had a "duty"/responsibility to spread their religion and culture to those "less civilized"

• turned imperialism into a "civilizing mission"

• comforting to Europeans at home as a successful justification for violent imperialism

Protectorates

a country that is technically independent but is actually under the control of another country

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him.

Russo-Japanese War

A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea

• Japan won

• Russian loss instigated domestic chaos and led to the 1905 Russian Revolution

Sepoy Rebellion

a revolt by Indian soldiers against British rule between 1857 and 1858 over the rumors of the use of pig and cow fat used on weapons

• soldiers had to tear rifle cartridges with their teeth, but biting cartridges greased in pig or cow fat violated the religious beliefs of Hindu and Muslim soldiers

• suppressed and caused British to increase their political and military presence in India

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Spheres of influence

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Extraterritoriality

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country.

Suez Canal

A human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

• supported by Napoleon III

Telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of messages (using Morse code) over an electric wire

• invented by American Samuel Morse in the 1840s

• first time that humans could transmit information faster than a human or animal could travel

• one of the first practical uses for electricity

Panama Canal

a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

• drastically shortened the distance to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Berlin Conference

Meeting hosted by Otto von Bismarck from 1884-1885

• called together all the European powers to lay down rules for the division of Africa

• Agreed that any European power could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of their claims and showing that they could control the area

• intended to prevent conflict between European powers in Africa

• no Africans were invited

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist (1820-1903)

• created Social Darwinism, which applied the theory of natural selection to human societies

Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management

Book that served as a guide to successful housewifery. Condemned the Victorians for pursuing debauched lives marked by sexual excesses and drug addiction

Charles Darwin

(1809-1882)
English naturalist who traveled the world studying fossils and plant specimens and developed the theory of evolution

• published his book On the Origin of Species (1859)

Natural selection

Darwin's theory that as populations compete for finite resources

Das Kapital

a foundational text in Marxist theory

Dialectical Materialism (Marx)

political and historical events result from the conflict of social forces and are interpretable as a series of contradictions and their solutions. The conflict is believed to be caused by material needs.

• all history is an unending story of class struggle between the "haves" and the "have nots"
• different types of societies throughout history have developed different types of government
• technology shaped economics

Marx's view of his era

Alarmed by the way capitalism caused workers to live in poverty and the middle class to live wealthily

• predicted a class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie in which the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie
• a "dictatorship of the proletariat" would be a transitional phase into a classless society in which all property is owned collectively

Futurists

an early 20th century Italian artistic and social movement that celebrated modernity

Impressionism

Art style that gained popularity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

• rejected Realism
• depicted visual impression of a moment- sought to capture a momentary feel

Edouard Manet

a prominent French painter considered a crucial bridge between Realism and Impressionism

Claude Monet

prominent French painter and a leading figure in the Impressionist art movement

Friedrich Nietzsche

German irrational philosopher (1844-1900)

• claimed "God is dead" and that developments in science and reasoning and an increasingly secular world had killed him
• proponent of nihilism (life lacks purpose and nothing matters)

Georges Sorel

a French political theorist most recognized for his concept of "revolutionary myth" and advocating for the use of violence as a necessary tool to achieve social change

Mass culture/politics

Emergence of mass political parties and expansion of political democracy in Western Europe

• increase in voting rights
• coincided with industrialization and the creation of new social classes

Home Rule (Ireland)

the political movement advocating for Ireland to have its own parliament and self-governance while remaining part of the United Kingdom

Extension of suffrage in Britain

the gradual process of expanding voting rights in Britain throughout the 19th century

Labour Party (Kier Hardie)

a major political party primarily representing the interests of the working class

National Insurance Act (1911)

a law passed by the United Kingdom Parliament that established a national insurance system. It was a key component of the modern welfare state and was a significant social reform.

Parliament Bill (1911)

a British law that significantly reduced the power of the House of Lords by removing its ability to veto most legislation

Trade Unions Act (1913)

a British law that allowed trade unions to legally establish a separate political fund

Kulturampf

"Cultural Struggle"

• policy pursued by Bismarck to diminish the power of Catholicism by passing laws to expel Jesuits

Kaiser Wilhelm II

the last German Emperor and King of Prussia

Eduard Bernstein

prominent German socialist theorist considered a "revisionist" who challenged key aspects of Karl Marx's communist theory

Anti-Socialist Laws

a series of legislative acts implemented in Germany by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck between 1878 and 1890

Dreyfus Affair

The 1894 accusation and trial of Captain Alfred Dreyfus

Antisemitism

Hostility to or prejudice against Jews

• byproduct of militant

Suffrage movement (Pankhursts)

Emmeline and her daughters led the Women's Social and Political Union to protest women's suffrage in 1903

• organized huge rallies
• protestors were physically assaulted by police and frequently arrested
• increased awareness of women's suffrage issues and led to women getting the right to vote in 1928

Women's Social and Political Union

(WSPU) refers to a British organization founded by Emmeline Pankhurst

Zionism

A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

• hundreds of years of pogroms and persecution caused people to suggest an independent nation for Jewish people to escape violence
• Theodore Herzl was an early founder

Theodor Herzl

(1860-1904) German-Jewish journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

• Antisemitism from Dreyfus Affair was integral in inspiring Zionism
• wanted Jews to have a place to safely practice their religion and form their own government

Pogroms

organized violence towards a particular ethnic group

• most commonly references violence towards and massacres of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

anarcho-syndicalism

A radical ideology that proposed the revolutionary reorganization of society into an egalitarian community ruled by labor unions.

Anarchism

A political theory that opposes any type of government in any form

• believed that governments do nothing but exploit people and that society would function better without them
• believed that capitalism should be overthrown by force
• prominent in violent underground movements

X-rays

a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895

Marie Curie

a pioneering scientist who made groundbreaking discoveries in the field of radioactivity

Albert Einstein

German physicist (1879-1945)

• redefined how people thought about space

Max Planck

a German physicist who is most recognized for developing the concept of "quantum theory

Social sciences

the study of the social structures

Criminology

the study of crime and criminal behavior within the historical period covered by the course

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist (1856-1939) who created psychoanalysis (study of unconscious mind) and distinguished psychology as a separate discipline

• believed human behavior is motivated by unconscious urges
• suppressed sexual urges from childhood may play a role in behavior

Contraception

the deliberate use of methods or devices to prevent pregnancy

Consumption/advertising

the widespread use of marketing strategies to promote the purchase of consumer goods

Eugenics

Eugenics is a set of beliefs and practices aimed at improving the genetic quality of a population