HKR 2300 Flashcards 1-3

Motor Development

- Continuous age related process of change in movement, the change we see by simply getting older

-looks at the constraints of the individual, environment and tasks that drive these age related changes

Growth

quantitative increase in size or mass

Maturation

qualitative advance in cells, organs, or body systems

Aging

process occurring with passage of time, leading to loss of adaptability or full function and eventual death

Differentiation

Progressing from gross, immature movements to precise intentional movements

Integration

using multiple motor systems in unison

gross movements

movements of large muscles

fine movements

movements of small muscles

Maturational perspective

- driven by genetics and heredity, barley no environmental impact

Gesell (1928)

- maturational perspective

- identical twins with special or no special training

- they developed the same way

- limits

• quality of walking, maturation may be different

McGraw

- maturational perspective

- study of fraternal twins

- one received challenging environment

- performed better on motor skills( learned skills)

- but not one motor development milestones

- limits

• if not identical don’t have the same genetics

• development may be the same, maturation not

impact of MP

1. Normative descriptive period

2. Biomechanical descriptive period

3. Focus on CNS

Normative Descriptive Period

- charts and milestones

- focus on the product rather than the process

Biomechanical Descriptive Period

Sequential improvement

Focus on CNS

for a long time, CNS overshadowed all the other body systems

Information processing perspective

- brain is a computer

• input from environment, processing the information and outputs movement ( movements are the result, thinking you want to see something and then going towards it)

• has to do with feedback, knowledge of result, attention and memory

French and Thomas

- IPP

- studied children 8-12 years old (basketball)

- decision making skill related to knowledge, while dribbling and shooting skills related to motor development
-more environmental input led to more processing (knowledge) and better out puts ( decision, dribbling, shooting)

- doesn’t mean better skills, just better knowledge

learning disabilities

linked to delayed perceptual motor development

- help of IPP

Ecological Perspective

- Development is guided by internal and external systems

internal system

- skeletal system and muscular system

external system

social and physical environment

dynamical systems approach

- EP

- movements are not hardwired- they are flexible and change based on the environment

- can help you execute different moves when needed

- movements happen through combined efforts of several systems

- ex: needing to run to class when late

rate limiters

- at younger ages movements can be constrained by rate limiters

- body systems do not develop at the same rates

- one slowly developing system might limit movement

- can also be regressive

- motivation, fear, coordination, balance can be rate limiters

Perception-Action Approch

- study of development must be ecologically valid

- must study perception and development simultaneously

- environment is crucial to understanding development because of affordances and body scaling constrain actions

Affordances ( Gibson)

- supports environment

- function that an environmental object provides to an individual changes behaviour

- ex; roller coaster for a kid vs adult

body scaling

- change to match out body

- movement decisions are dependent on using one’s body proportion appropriately

- ex; hockey stick length for child, vs adult and short adult

Newell’s Model

- 5 total constraints

- 3 major

• Individual

• Task

• Environmental

Constraints

limit or discourage or permit and encourage

individual constraints

- unique and physical and mental characteristics

1. structural:

   • relate to individuals body structure (height, weight)

   • tend to slowly change over time

2. Functional:

   • relate to individuals behavior ( motivation, fear)

   • can change over a short period of time, more likely to change quickly

Environmental constraints

related to the world around us during athletic or motor performance

Environmental physical constraints

characteristics of the environment (temp, gravity)

Environmental Sociocultural constraints

Beliefs, thoughts, or expectations that are internally or externally placed on an individual due to their upbringing (sex, race)

- ex: boys don’t cry, only girls do that

Task constraints

- The goals of a particular movement or activity

- specific to the task (rules, goals, equipment)

- wanting to workout so you go to the gym, need to make sure you have the right goals and use the right equipment the right way

motion and stability

physics of movement

Newtons laws

1. object stays in motion unless another force acts on it/ stays at rest unless another force acts on it

2. f= M*A

3. each object has equally and opposite reactions

Stability

resistant to movement

- if stable you’re balanced

- unstable

balance

maintain equilibrium

- if balanced not always stable

Centre of gravity

concentration point of earth’s gravitational pull

- ex: forts learning how to walk, want to make sure you’re stable and balanced but this hinders movement. When you get used to it you change your tactics to make sure you can move quicker

Linear velocity

Product of it’s rotational velocity and radius of rotation

- people with shorter arms have more velocity( less linear velocity because smaller radius of rotation)

- people with longer arms have more radius of rotation

rotational velocity

strength and flexibility

radius of rotation

growth and flexibility

Growth and aging

Genetic and extrinsic factors combine to influence growth and aging

universality

patterns that hold for all humans

specificity

individual variation

Prenatal development

controlled by genes that lead to normal or abnormal growth

- fetus stage is very sensitive to extrinsic factors (smoking, drinking)

embryonic growth

conception-8 weeks

fetal growth

9 weeks to birth

Zygote

- 0-1

- sperm penetrates the egg

blastomere

- day 2-3

- zygote divides into an inner group of cells with outer shell

blastocyst

- 5-6 days

- blastomere attaches to uterine lining

- think cyst

embryo

- 6-7 days

- blastocyst imbeds into uterine lining

differentiation

5-7

- cells become specialized, forming specific tissues and organs

8 weeks

- can see ears, nose, eyes, mouth, fingers, and toes

- human form noticeable

fetal growth

- continued differentation

growth in two ways

- hyperplasia

• increase in number of cells

- hypertrophy

• increase in size of cells

growth in two directions

- cephalocaudal

- growth from head to toe

- proximodistal

- growth from core to extremities

thalidomide

- was used to treat morning sickness

- had too high of a dosage, caused birth defects in children

down syndrome

12 per 10,000

- 3rd chromosome #21 instead of 2

- IQ between 20-60

- numerous physical and mental impairments

sickle cell trait

- inherits one normal and one abnormal gene for hemoglobin

- most are asymptomatic and live a normal life

- can past sct off to offspring

- not physical activity concerns

sickle cell disease

- child inherits 2 abnormal hemoglobin genes

- red blood cells are sickle shaped

- they get caught in blood vessel that blocking blood flow

- might concentrate in the spleen

- should have limited activity

Gestational diabetes

- when body cannot produce enough insulin during pregnancy

• high birth weight

teratogens

any drug or chemical that causes abnormal fetal devolvement

- alcohol

- tobacco

fetal alcohol syndrome

defects resulting from prenatal alcohol

Alcohol related neurodevelopment disorders (ARND)

less severe symptoms

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)

withdrawal symptoms

- increased heart rate

carbon monoxide

interferes with blood’s oxygen carrying capacity

- fetal hypoxia( lack of oxygen to tissue )

Nicotine

- affects placental blood vessels to induce fetal hypoxia

tobacco

- Prenatal

• premature rupture of membranes

• increased chance of spontaneous abortion

• intrauterine growth retardation

- postnatal

• lower average birth weight

• SIDS

• long-term growth reduction

• respiratory disorders

peak height velocity

females- 11.5-12.0

men- 13.5-14.0

peak weight velocity

females- 3.5-10.5 months after PHV

males- 2.5- 5.0 months after PHV

delyaed motor performance

- obese infants

relative growth

- body parts, tissues, and organs have different growth rates that follow sigmoid curve

- body is head heavy at birth adn change as you grow older

- 50%- 60% stature increased due to leg growth

maturation

predicts performance

- mature children are likely stronger, coordinated, cognitively abundance

influences on postnatal growth

- genetics

• timing and rate of growth

- extrinsic factors

• malnutrition

• illness/injury

osteoporosis

compression of cartilage pads

body system

- individual constraint

- influenced by genetics and extrinsic factors

5 types of systems

- skeletal

- muscular

- adipose

- endocrine

- nervous

skeletal system

- embryo/fetus had a cartilage model of the skeleton

- prenatal period, ossification begins

ossification

- process of laying down new bone material

- 400 prenatal center’s

- 400 postnatal centers

bone remodeling

- osteoclast: remove old bone

- osteoblast: lay new bone

primary ossification centres

- midpoint of long bones

- growth starts at midpoint and goes out

- form bone cells at fetal age of 2 months

secondary ossification centres

- end of bone shaft

- called epiphyseal plate or growth plate

- forms bone cells at birth

short round bones

- ossification happens at midpoint out

- if damage to ossification centres then low blood supply, meaning shorter bones

Appositional bone growth

- layering of bone which increases girth

- think of tree trunk getting wider

Traction epiphyses

- sites where tendons attach to bones

- overuse causes irritation to taction epiphyses which leads to long term pain

growth at epiphyseal plate

- closes off around age 18/19
-closes earlier in girls

remodeling

- old bone absorbed, new bone formed

osteoporosis

- bone disease

- bone loss increases

- bone growth decreases

- can be affected by diet and exercise

- leads to rib cage collapse, stooped pasture, and reduced height

risk factor osteoporosis

- female

- elderly

- Caucasian/ Asian decent

- hormone imbalance

- lower bone mass at younger age

- sedentary

Muscular system

- girls muscles continue to grow till age of 13

- boys age 17

- prenatal growth:

• hyperplasia and hypertrophy

- Postnatal growth:

• hypertrophy, may have a bit of hyperplasia

why men lift more for longer reps

- woman have 15-20 times less testosterone causing them to not be able to lift as heavy as men and for a long of reps

muscle fiber type

Type I: slow twitch ( running a marathon)

Type IIa: fast twitch (intermediate)

Type IIb: fast twitch ( very fast)- bolt running

Cardiac muscles

- prenatal:

• involves hyperplasia and hypertrophy

- postnatal:

• hypertrophy

loss of muscles

- minimal until age 50, 10%

- 30% loss at age 80

- diet and exercise can change this

Adipose system

- growth by hyperplasia and hypertrophy

- 20 year old males need 8_15% body fat

- 20 year old females need 15-20%

• this is because need more % for breast feeding

body fat

- children have more internal than subcutaneous fat

- subcutaneous fat increases from 6-7 until age 12-13

- slows in boys in adolescence and increases in girls

endocrine system

collection of glands that produce hormone

- regulate metabolism, growth/maturation, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, mood

growth hormone

- secreted by anterior pituitary gland

- necessary for normal growth

- if deficient can result in abnormal growth

thyroid hormone

- secreted by thyroid glands after trigger from pituitary gland and hypothalamus

- two hormones influence whole-body growth

- one plays a role in skeletal growth

gonadal hormone

- influence growth and sexual maturation ( sex organs, secondary sex characteristics)

- Androgens (testosterones):

• secreted by testes (boys), adrenal glands(girls, boys)

• hasten epiphyseal growth plate closure

• promote muscle growth

• early release gives shorter growth

• steroids increase

- estrogen:

• secreted by ovaries (girls), adrenal glands (girls, boys)

• hastens epiphyseal growth plate closure

• promotes fat accumulation