Period 8 Part 2

New Frontier

President Kennedy's proposals to improve the economy, assist the poor, and advance the space program. Domestic policies including a Civil Rights plan

Warren Commission

10 month investigation of the assassination of JFK. Concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone when he assassinated the president.

Peace Corps

Federal program established to send volunteers to help developing nations. Started under President Kennedy.

Bay of Pigs

1961

Failed invasion of Cuba planned by the US government. US attempt to overthrow Castro.

Berlin Wall

Barrier set up in 1961 to separate East and West Berlin

a concrete wall topped with barbed wire that severed the city in two

Citizens were not allowed to cross from East Berlin to West Berlin and vice versa

Cuban Missile Crisis

13 Day period in October 1962 when Soviet nuclear missile were pointed at the United States in Cuba. Successful resolution when USSR removed missiles from Cuba and the US removed missiles from Turkey.

Flexible response

Policy of having the option of using either nuclear or conventional forces in response to a threat

JFK

Nuclear Test Ban treaty

prohibited all test detonations of nuclear weapons except for those conducted underground. So, no testing nukes in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water. 1963

Great Society

1964, LBJ's policies of fighting poverty and racial injustice

(Medicare, Medicaid, Food Stamps, Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Civil Rights Act 1964)

Medicare

(LBJ) 1965 , a federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Medicaid

Federal program that provides medical benefits for low-income and disabled persons. Part of LBJ's Great Society

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

1965

directed money to schools for textbooks, library materials, and special education

Immigrant Act 1965

abolished discriminatory quotas based on national origins

National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities

created to financially assist painters, musicians, actors, and other artists

Great Society program; provided federal funding for arts and for creative and scholarly projects

24th Amendment

The constitutional amendment passed in 1964 that declared poll taxes void.

Voting Rights Acts of 1965

Made racial discrimination in voting a violation of federal law.

James Meredith

The first African American student at the University of Mississippi.

Black Muslims

A radical movement for black power under the leadership of Malcolm X.

Their leader Elijah Muhammad preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement.

Nation of Islam

Malcolm X

A one-time Nation of Islam leader, and advocate for African American civil rights. Gave the Ballot or the Bullet speech where he stated that African Americans would try to effect change by voting first and if that didn't work, then they would, as a community, fight. Also believed that African Americans should be in charge of their own organizations. Encouraged the Black community to take pride in their culture, heritage and institutions

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality. Organized the sit in movement which desegregated lunch counters across the south. Also organized the Freedom Rides which tested the desegregation of national busing.

Stokely Carmichael

Coined the phrase "black power" and led SNCC away from a nonviolent approach.

Black Panthers

African-American group founded to combat police brutality in the LA ghetto. Had a social justice mission that included homeless shelters, day care, and youth centers in African American neighborhoods across the country. Believed that African Americans needed to practice "armed self defense" Founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in 1965

Watts riots

in the summer of 1965, LA; resulted in the deaths of 34 people and the destruction of 700 buildings. Race riots that were started because of racism and political subjugation

Mapp v. Ohio

Evidence illegally gathered by the police may not be used in a criminal trial

1961

Gideon v. Wainwright

A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government

1963

Escobedo v. Illinois

1964--Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.

Fifth and Sixth Amendment - right to counsel, right to remain silent

Miranda v. Arizona

The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police

1966

Reapportionment

the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census

Baker v. Carr

One man, one vote

1962

Yates v. US

Similar to Dennis v. us, but couldn't arrest without evidence.

Engel v. Vitale

banned formal prayer in schools, government would not make any religion the 'official' religion.

1962 SuCo: Prayer in school is a violation of the 1st Amendment.

Griswold v. Connecticut

Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution

Ninth Amendment - state ban on use of contraceptives violates the right of marital privacy

Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution

1935

Betty Friedan

United States feminist who founded a national organization for women (born in 1921)

wrote The Feminine Mystique

Equal Rights Amendment

a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution outlawing discrimination based on sex

1972

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 legislation that gave President Johnson the power to use military force in Vietnam

Tet offensive

communist assault on a large number of South Vietnamese cities in early 1968

Marked a turning point in public opinion in the United States

-openly criticize the war effort.

Credibility gap

The gap between the Johnson Administration and the American public support

Is a result of the Vietnam War

Henry Kissinger

American political scientist, diplomat and geopolitical consultant who served as the United States Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford

Vietnamization

President Nixon's policy of replacing American military forces with those of South Vietnam

1969

Nixon Doctrine

the U.S. will not do the majority of fighting in countries threatened by communism, will provide aid

1969

Kent State

4 students killed by National Guardsmen after violent protesting in this university

1970

- Invasion of Cambodia

My Lai

a massacre of hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers during the Vietnam War

1968

Pentagon papers

Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam

1971

Paris Accords of 1973

an armistice between U.S. and Vietnam that promised a cease-fire and free elections

Détente

Easing of Cold War tensions between the US and Soviet Union (Examples include: SALT I and Salt II)

China visit

Nixon; important strategic and diplomatic trip that marked the culmination of the Nixon administration's resumption of harmonious relations between the United States and China.

Anti ballistic missiles

Missiles that could shoot down other missiles from hostile countries

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

Part of the policy of detente, attempted to reduce the weapons each country contains

Limited the number of ICBMs US and USSR cold have

OPEC; oil embargo

1973; Cut off supply of oil as protest of U.S. support of Israel

New Federalism

system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states

Nixon

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

Southern strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Off the gold standard

August 15, 1971 when President Nixon announced that the U.S. dollar would no longer be convertible into gold in the international markets.

Title IX

A law that bans gender discrimination in schools that receive federal funds

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Watergate

a political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice

Nixon

1972

"plumbers"

a covert White House Special Investigations Unit, established July 24, 1971, during the presidency of Richard Nixon. Its task was to stop the leaking of classified information, such as the Pentagon Papers, to the news media. Its members branched into illegal activities while working for the Committee to Re-elect the President, including the Watergate break-in and the ensuing Watergate scandal

US v. Nixon

Holds that executive privilege does not extend to criminal cases

1974

War Powers Act (1973)

A law that limited the president's ability to deploy U.S. forces without congressional approval.

Nixon's pardon

(Proclamation 4311) was issued on September 8, 1974, by President Gerald Ford, which granted his predecessor Richard Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president.

Fall of Saigon

1975

battle where North Vietnam captured capital of South Vietnam and named it Ho Chi Mihn City

communist in North Vietnam took control over South Vietnam

Cambodia genocide

1975-1979

carried out by the regime of the Khmer Rouge (KR) on any individual that was perceived to be in opposition. The regime was led by Pol Pot, who controlled the government from 1975 to 1979, killing approximately 1.5 to 3 million Cambodians.[2] The regime wanted to start a new republic and turn the country into a socialist agrarian republic, founded on the policies of Marxism-Leninism and Maoism.

Panama Canal Treaty

Carter

Signed in 1977, it stated that Panama would gain control of the canal after 1999

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

1978

Iranian Hostage crisis

1979 kidnapping of American Embassy hostages in Iran. It lasted for more than a year.

Cesar Chavez

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

Indian Self Determination Act 1975

Authorized the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and some other government agencies to enter into contracts with, and make grants directly to, federally recognized Indian tribes.

Gaming casinos

Native Americans used self determination legislation to building these on reservations

Exxon Valdez oil spill

1989

A 987 foot long oil banker bound for long beach California struck Prince William Sound in Alaska

3-mile Island

most serious accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant operating history, although its small radioactive releases had no detectable health effects on plant workers or the public

Chernobyl meltdown

1986 in the Soviet Union, example of nuclear energy mishap

the result of a flawed reactor design that was operated with inadequately trained personnel.

The resulting steam explosion and fires released at least 5% of the radioactive reactor core into the atmosphere and downwind

Caused significant environmental ramifications

Clean Air Act

Set emission standards for cars, and limits for release of air pollutants

1970

Environmental Protection Agency

EPA

An agency created in 1970 to administer all environmental legislation.

Created by Richard Nixon

Clean Water Act

1973 law that restricted the pollution of water by industry and agriculture

Environmental Superfund

Created to clean up toxic dumps such as Love Canal in Niagara Falls, NY.

Endangered Species Act

1973

legislation passed which to provide protection for endangered plants and animals

Feminine Mystique

The book by Betty Friedan that encourage equal rights among women.

1963

revived the then-dormant feminist movement