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Compassionate Use Act of 1996
California state law that made the use and cultivation of medical marijuana legal under the supervision of a licensed physician and in accordance with state regulations.
Controlled Substances Act of 1970 (CSA)
Federal law enacted to regulate interstate commerce and classify drugs, including marijuana, as controlled substances.
Federalism
System of government that divides power between the national government and state governments.
Unitary Systems
Central government exercises authority over subnational governments (states) and can delegate or take back certain powers.
Confederal systems
Subnational governments have more power than the national government, and the national government relies heavily on states to carry out and fund public policies.
Federal systems
Power is divided between the states and the national government, with each level retaining some exclusive powers and having some powers denied.
Enumerated or expressed powers
Powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution, especially to Congress.
Exclusive powers
Powers that only the national government can exercise, such as coining money, declaring war, and regulating foreign commerce.
Implied powers
Powers not specifically granted to the federal government but derived from the necessary and proper clause, allowing Congress to make laws to carry out its enumerated powers.
Commerce clause
Grants Congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and strongly influences modern American federalism.
Necessary and Proper clause
Gives Congress the power to make laws necessary and proper for carrying out its constitutionally granted powers.
Supremacy clause
States must abide by laws passed by Congress, making federal law supreme over state law.
Tenth Amendment
Reserves powers not delegated to the national government to the states and the people, serving as the basis of federalism.
Reserved powers
Powers not given to the national government and retained by the states, including police powers to protect residents and provide for their safety, health, and general welfare.
Concurrent powers
Powers shared by the national and state governments, such as the power to tax and borrow money.
Full faith and credit clause
Requires states to recognize the public acts, records, and civil court proceedings from another state.
Extradition
Requirement that officials in one state return a defendant to another state where a crime was allegedly committed.
Privileges and Immunities clause
Prevents states from discriminating against people from out-of-state.
McCulloch v
Supreme Court case that established Congress's implied authority under the necessary and proper clause and upheld the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States.
Thirteenth Amendment
Constitutional amendment that abolished slavery.
Fourteenth Amendment
Constitutional amendment that grants citizenship and protects due process and equal protection under the law.
Fifteenth Amendment
Constitutional amendment that gave African Americans the right to vote.
Plessy v
Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation and asserted states' rights.
Dual federalism
Presumes a distinct segregation between the federal and state governments with limited interaction.
Selective incorporation
Application of fundamental liberties in the Bill of Rights to the states on a case-by-case basis.
Cooperative federalism
Collaboration between the federal and state governments in public policy areas, with different roles for each level.
Grants-in-aid
Money provided by the federal government to states to carry out important policies.
Fiscal federalism
Use of grants-in-aid by the federal government to influence state policies.
Categorical grants
Grants provided to states or local governments for specific policy objectives with conditions attached.
Unfunded mandates
Federal requirements for states to implement programs without providing funds.
Block grant
Grant-in-aid that gives state officials more authority in the disbursement of federal funds.
Revenue sharing
Apportionment of tax money by the federal government to states without conditions.
Devolution
Return of authority for federal programs to the states, increasing states' autonomy in economy and social policy.
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