Lab 13: circulatory 2 and the respiratory system

cardiovascular system

located in the medulla oblongata where it receives input from various sensory receptors and higher brain centres

sinoatrial (SA) node

pacemaker of the heart

atrioventricular (AV) node

relays the impulse from the atria to the ventricles

Bundle of His (AV bundle)

after the impulse passes through the AV node it enters the fibre tract known as ________ subdivides into right and left branches

Purkinje fibers

fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

electrocardiography

measurement of the electrical activity of the heart

electrocardiogram

record of the electrical activity of the heart

P wave

atrial depolarization

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization

T wave

ventricular repolarization

Epinephrine effect on the frog heart

increases the heart rate and increase the strength of contraction

adrenal medulla

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

acetylcholine effects on the frog heart

caused the heart rate to decrease and the strength of contraction to decrease

Paresympathetic neurons

secretes acetylcholine

what happens to the heart when temperature increases

heart rate increase

what happens to the heart when the temperature decrease

heart rate decreases

pulse

the alternating expansion and relaxation of the artery wall

average pulse rate

70-76 beats per minute

systolic pressure

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.

diastolic pressure

Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions.

sphygmomanometer

instrument to measure blood pressure

why do blood pressure and heart rate change when posture changes from reclining to standing up

heart must work harder to pump blood throughout the body

Valsalva maneuver

forcible exhalation against a closed glottis, resulting in increased intrathoracic pressure

frontal sinus

nasopharynx

pharyngeal tonsil

oropharynx

Epiglottis

laryngopharynx

glottis

Opening between vocal cords

Larynx

thyroid cartilage

Adam's apple

Trachea

windpipe

Bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar sacs

layers of trachea

layers of trachea - answer

spirometer

instrument used to measure breathing

tidal volume

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

male (500) female (500)

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

Vital Capacity (VC)

The difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs (TLC-RV)

inspiratory reserve volume

the maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs by determined effort after normal inspiration

IRV = VC - (ERV + TV)

central chemoreceptors

Receptors in the central nervous system that monitor the pH of cerebrospinal luid to help regulate ventilation rate.

peripheral chemoreceptors

Receptors in the carotid arteries and the aorta that monitor blood pH to help regulate ventilation rate.