Business Models & Revenue Streams

Retail

Selling products directly to customers (e.g., clothing stores, supermarkets).

Manufacturing

Making products from raw materials (e.g., car factories, furniture makers).

Product as a Service (PaaS)

Selling a product as a recurring service instead of a one-time

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Selling software through a subscription model (e.g., Netflix, Microsoft 365).

Freemium

Offering a free version of a product with paid upgrades (e.g., Spotify, Duolingo).

Franchise

A business model where individuals buy the rights to operate under a brand (e.g., McDonald’s, Subway).

Subscription

Charging customers regularly for access to a product or service (e.g., Amazon Prime, gym memberships).

Affiliate

Earning commissions by promoting and selling other companies' products (e.g., influencers promoting products online).

Freelance

Working independently on projects for clients instead of having a fixed employer (e.g., graphic designers, writers).

Razor Blades Model

Selling a product at a low price and making money on necessary add-ons (e.g., cheap razors but expensive replacement blades).

Services

Offering skills or expertise instead of physical products (e.g., legal advice, haircuts, consulting).

Upselling

Encouraging customers to buy a more expensive or additional product (e.g., upgrading a meal to a combo).

Bankrupt

When a business or person cannot pay their debts and legally declares financial failure.