Anatomy Final Review (Chapter 1)

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Superior (Cranial)

toward the head or upper part of a structure or body; above

Anatomy

The study of body structure or body parts

Gross Anatomy

studying large, easily observable structures

Microscopic anatomy

using a microscope or magnifying instrument to see very small structures in the body

Physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

physio

nature

Atoms

tiny building blocks of matter

Cells

the smallest units of all living things

What happens at the tissue level?

different types of tissues form over the course of healing, providing the extracellular environment for the cells

What are the four basic types of tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous (neural)

Organ

a structure that is composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body

Organ level

extremely complex functions become possible

Organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

What level do organs represent?

the highest level of structural organization, the organismal level

Organismal level

all organ systems combined to make the whole organism

chemical level

atoms combine to form molecules

Cellular level

cells are made up of molecules

tissue level

tissues consist of similar types of cells

organ level

Organs are made up of different types of tissues

organ system level

Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

organismal level

all organ systems combined to make the whole organism

What are the levels of structural organization?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organismal level

How many organ systems are there?

11

What are the 11 organ systems?

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

integumentary system

Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

What are the organs of the integumentary system?

skin

What does the skeletal system consist of?

bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

What does the skeletal system do?

supports and protects tissues, stores calcium and minerals, forms blood cells

Hemapoiesis

formation of blood cells

What is the function of the muscles?

to contract\= movement

skeletal muscles

large, fleshy muscles attached to bones

What forms the muscular system?

skeletal muscles

Muscular system

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

What organs make up the muscular system?

skeletal muscles

Nervous system

fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

What does the nervous system consist of?

brain, spinal cord, nerves

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

nerve impulse

the message that a neuron carries

Endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

secrete

produce and release substance into organism

excrete

to pass waste products of metabolism out of the body

gland

an organ specialized to secrete or excrete substances for further use in the body or for elimination

What do endocrine glands do?

produce hormones and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs

Endocrine glands

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries (in the female), and testes (in male)

What do sensory receptors do?

detect stimuli and send messages

How do sensory receptors send messages?

through nerve impulses

What does the central nervous system do?

assesses changes and responds to it by activating the appropriate body effectors (muscles or glands)

What do hormones control?

growth, reproduction, use of nutrients

Cardiovascular system

blood is transported; heart pumps blood

What are the primary organs of the cardiovascular system?

heart and blood vessels

What do white blood cells do?

help protect the body against infection

What does the heart do?

Pumps blood around the body

What are the primary organs of the lymphatic system?

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs (spleen and tonsils)

lymphatic system

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity.

lymphatic vessels

return fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels so that the blood can be kept continuously circulating through the body

lymph nodes

help cleanse the blood and house the cells involved in immunity

Respitory system

keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

What does the respiratory system consist of?

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Where do gas exchanges occur?

air sacs within the lungs

Digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

What are the organs of the digestive system?

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

What do the organs of the digestive system do?

break down foods and deliver products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells

What does the pancreas do?

produces and delivers digestive enzymes to the small intestine

What does the liver produce?

bile that breaks down fats

What is another function of the digestive system?

To absorb nutrients molecules into the bloodstream and carry them throughout the body

urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

urea and uric acid

wastes that contain nitrogen which result from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids by the body cells

What is the urinary system also called?

excretory system

What is the urinary system composed of?

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

reproductive system

Reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells (oocytes)

What do the testes produce?

sperm and testosterone

What do the ovaries produce?

Oestrogen and eggs

What do mammary glands produce?

milk

What are the structures of the male reproductive system?

scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and the duct system

What does the duct system do?

transports sperm from the body

What is in the female duct system?

Uterine (fallopian) tubes or oviducts
Uterus
Vagina

What is the female reproductive system?

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts

What does the integumentary system do?

protects the body from drying out, bacteria, and damaging effects of heat, sunlight, and chemical substances in the external environment

How does movement in the body occur?

the muscles moving and when substances such as blood, food, and urine are propelled through the internal organs of the cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary systems

How are muscles aided by the skeletal system?

provides the bones that the muscles pull on as they work

Responsiveness (irritability)

Reaction to a change inside or outside the body

What system is the most responsible for responsiveness?

the nervous system

why is the nervous system most responsible for responsiveness?

nerve cells are highly irritable and can communicate rapidly with each other by conducting electrical impulses

digestion

breaking down food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood for delivery to all body cells by the cardiovascular system

What are the necessary life functions?

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Why is oxygen important?

oxygen works with nutrients to produce ATP

what does the metabolism do?

Breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones
Builds larger molecules from smaller ones
Produces energy (ATP)
Regulated by hormones

ATP molecule

energy rich molecules that power cellular activities

Why does metabolism depend on the respiratory and digestive systems?

to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood

Why does metabolism depend on the cardiovascular system?

distribute substances throughout the body

How does the digestive system participate in excretion?

the system rids the body of indigestible food residues in feces

How does the urinary system excrete?

disposes of nitrogen containing metabolic wastes in urine

reproduction

the production of offspring

cellular reproduction

an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells

growth

increase in size

How can an increase of the number of cells occur?

cell constructing must be greater and faster than cell destroying activities

What are the basic survival needs?

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

what do fats do for the body?

cushioning for the organs and tissues
insulate the body; provide reserve fuel

What systems are responsible for making oxygen available to the blood?

respiratory and cardiovascular