Psych 101 Final

Supernatural Model

Oldest Model, Abnormal behavior is caused by supernatural forces

Medical Model

Says Abnormal behavior is a mental illness caused by problems with:

germs/disease

genes/genetics

Biochemistry (neurotransmitters)

Neuro-anatomy (parts of the brain)

- Overt symptoms indicate inner pathology

- Treat the person with the symptoms

- Treatment includes medication

- If all else fails... operate

Assumptions of the Medical Model

ECT/Shock Treatment

No one knows why it works. Used for EXTREME depression

DSM-5 Model

The dictionary of all agreed upon mental disorders

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.

Statistical/Deviant Model

defining people as abnormal if their behavior is rare or not of the norm, most of the population does not have/do

Social-Political Model

Political process of getting something labeled, decisions often reflect political views

1) the person has to show behavior that differs from the norm

2) behavior must result in an official label from a power or authority figure

2 Critera needed to be labeled as normal

Social-Learning/Behavioral Model

Abnormal behavior is learned from the environment (acquired)

Direct Learning

this is exactly what I want you to do or how I want you to behave

Vicarious Learning

does not have to happen to you directly, it can be what you observed that another person does

Frequency

How often a behavior occurs

Intensity

How strongly the behavior is preformed

Duration

How long the behavior lasts

Hallucination

false sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Sensory Distortions

often take parts of reality and distorit it and change it in their mind

Visual Hallucinations

Seeing things that are not there

Auditory Hallucinations

Hearing things that are not there. Most people hear voices, not sounds. Causes less disturbance in the brain than creating a vision (most common)

Approach - Approach

Conflict where a person has to make a choice between two options that both give positive reinforcement but you can only pick one

Avoidance - Avoidance

Conflict where there are two or more options that all offer some type of punishment, never good

Approach - Avoidance

Conflict where one situation or person that gives you both positive reinforcement and punishment in, ambivalence/mixed feelings

Learned Helplessness

A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control.

Rosenhan Institution Study

On Being Sane in Insane Places (1960s)

- False patients go into a psychiatric hospital saying they were hearing voices

- all diagnosed with schizophrenia

- Stay length 7-52 days (19 average)

- later said he'd come back but never sent anybody, staff just believed there were fake patients

Zimbardo Prison Study

Late 60s - Early 70s

- College boys

- half told they's be guards other half told they'd be prisoners

- Guards acted cruel, prisoners acted rebllious

- Stopped after 6 days (supposed to go 6 weeks)

Insane

Person has a mental disorder which prevents them from understanding the seriousness of their crime. Therefore, we will not hold them responsible for their crime

Humanistic Model

Believe mental disorders are caused by punishing or not allowing a person to be their unique self

Carl Rogers

Developed "client-centered" therapy

Self-actualizations

complete self-acceptance including acceptance of your faults

Maslow

believed people have a hierarchy of needs (pyramid), The lowest level of needs has to be met before you can move to the higher level

Perl's Gestalt Therapy

"whole" - group therapy

Eclectic Model

A blend - use whatever technique/model that seems to work for them and the client

Phobia

an irrational fear attached to a specific object or situation

Panic Disorder

a person who has a spontaneous panic attack. As if it was not triggered by anything specific

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

fairly common, "Free-floating anxiety" - not specific anxiety. Always worried about their family or health or work or school etc. Often go to physician for physical things

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

an extreme stress reaction following a major trauma

Obsessive-complusive disorder

anxiety causes rigidness and perfectionistic behavior, Different from normal thoughts because they are haunted and difficult to control

Anti-Social Personality Disorder

somebody with no conscience, morals, guilt, and are selfish, Often engage in crime

Bi-polar Disorder

Person has extreme mood swings. Goes between normal to low depression to high mania

Dissociative Disorders

(fairly rare) there is a "split" and repression of your identity from your behavior (Identity-personal, memories non-personal, behavior), Repression of your identity, What happens is your self-identity gets split or blocked off from your memories

Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)

very rare. Two or more distinct personalities in the same person

Amnesia

A person loses their personal information (name, address, siblings, jobs, school) but they still know non-personal things (president, country)

Illness Anxiety Disorder/Hypochondria

anxiety/worry about being ill. Anxiety gets so severe they seek out medical evaluation which determines:

- There is no physical illness found

- Anxiety persists in spite of medical reassurance

Psychosis

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

Mood Disorders

when the mood fluctuates either to an extreme low or extreme high

Major Depressive Disorder

when the person's mood fluctuates to an extreme low point

Dysthymia (Chronic mild depression)

Seems to lack joy in living. Difference is intensity

Schizophrenia

Person has a loss on contact with reality, often have hallucinations

Narcissistic Personality

Characterized by a grandiose and exaggerated sense of self-importance and an exploitive attitude toward others, which serve the function of masking a frail self-concept.

Catatonic Stupor

motor skill symptom - stay frozen in the position and detached for hours even days, having very vivid hallucinations

Paranoid

Don't have full blown hallucinations, so they are not easily noticed, Instead they have a system of complex delusions

Somatic Symptom Disorders

Physical concerns or symptoms but is NOT really sick

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

selectively inhibits serotonin reuptake and results in potentiation of serotonergic neurotransmissions (Luvox, Paxilo, Prozac, Zoloft)

Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI)

a class of antidepressants that work by increasing the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain (Effexor)

Psychosomatic Disorder

a physical illness that is caused or influenced by anxiety or stress

work, love, play

Major areas of life functioning whereas impairment would be considered a mental disorder

Hystrionic Personality Disorder

Their life is like a "soap opera" and is filled with "drama." Theatrical, emotional, Usually flirty and sexually proactive. Seek change and novelty. Get bored easily.

I/O Psychology

scientific study of human behavior in organizations and the work place. Specialty focuses on deriving principles of individual, group and organizational behavior and applying this knowledge to the solution of problems at work.

Delusions

false beliefs and their false beliefs often involve issues of suspicion, paranoia, trust, and plots

Mania/manic

involves bizarre goal directed behaviors, extreme energym little need for sleep, recklessness or high risk behavior, and feeling grandiose (special, powerful, gifted or blessed), not good ever