Introduction to Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Organic Chemistry

false, “Almost all the drug in the market is an organic compound.”

true or false "Almost all the drug in the market is an inorganic compound."

true

true or false : Organic chemistry is vital in further pharmacy studies.

Open-chain

not cyclic or linear structures

Cyclic

ring structure

Conjugated

contains 2 or more C-C double bonds separated by single bonds (alternating)

Saturated

contains C-C bonds which are purely single bonds

Unsaturated

contains at least 1 C-C double or triple bond

Alpha Carbon

carbon atom directly attached to a functional group

Vinylic/Olefinic Carbon

carbon atom directly holding a double bond

Allylic Carbon

carbon atom positioned next to a vinylic carbon

Benzylic Carbon

carbon atom positioned next to a benzene

Ortho/Meta/Para

1,2 / 1,3 / 1,4 respective patterns around a benzene ring

Polarity and Solubility

plays a role in the formulation and pharmacokinetics of drugs

net dipole

solubility and polarity are not only determined by the presence of electronegative atoms, but by a ___ as well.

Polar

is water-soluble

Non-polar

is lipid-soluble

Acidic and Basic

property are always related to ionization of compounds which has a vital role in the pharmacokinetic of drugs

Acidic and Basic

property are always related to ionization of compounds which has a vital role in the pharmacokinetic of drugs.

Stereoisomerism

plays a role in the drug's effect on the human body, particularly in enzyme binding

Geometric (cis/trans; E/Z)
Optical (R/S)

Configurational isomers

One is more potent (S-ibuprofen or R- Ibuprofen? )

S-ibuprofen

Both have very different uses (antimalarial)

Quinine

Both have very different uses (anti arrhythmic)

Quinidine

One has activity and one has none(active)

Cisplatin

One has activity and one has none (inactive)

Transplatin

One has activity and one is toxic (antiemetic)

R-Thalidomide

• Drug Discovery
• Pharmaceutical Analysis
• Pharmaceutics
• Pharmacology

Branches of Pharmaceutical Science Related to Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Organic Chemistry:

One has activity and one is toxic (causes birth defects)

R-Thalidomide

(Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy)

• Drug Discovery

(Qualitative Chemistry and Quality Control)

• Pharmaceutical Analysis

(Manufacturing Pharmacy, Dosage Forms)

• Pharmaceutics

(Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics)

• Pharmacology

Mechanism of Action (MoA)

How exactly a drug works

Onset of Action

The time it takes before the drug takes exhibits an effect

Indication

The approved use of a drug

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

These are unwanted effects of the drugs including side effects

Potency

The dose required to exhibit an effect (lower dose = higher potency)

Efficacy

This is the actual level of a drug's effect

Duration of Action (DoA)

How long a drug works

Pharmacokinetics (PK)

refers to the course taken by the drug once inside the human body. The idea for PK is "what the body does to the drug."

Absorption

Entry of the drug from site of administration to the bloodstream

Distribution

Travel of drug from bloodstream to different tissues and organs

Metabolism

Conversion of the active drug molecule to inactive products ("metabolites"), waiting excretion Most drug metabolism is done by the liver

Excretion

Permanent removal of the inactive metabolites from the body, often via the kidney

"elimination"

Metabolism and excretion are often grouped under the word

Ionization

___of drugs can affect absorption especially that most drugs are taken orally

Unionized

non-polar, uncharged, lipophilic

Ionized

polar, charged, hydrophilic

lipophilic drugs

Only _____ are absorbed through the lipid layer between GIT and bloodstream

hydrophilic drugs

distributed through the bloodstream as the blood acts as an aqueous medium

Pharmacodynamics (PD)

refers to the physiologic effect resulting from the drug-receptor binding.
"what the drug does to the body." •

"target molecule" — receptors,

Absorbed drugs must find its _______ and bind to it effectively to elicit a response/effect.

Occupancy

The no. of receptors bound is directly proportional to biologic response

Rate

The response is related to the times the drug binds to the receptor per unit time.

Induced-Fit

The drug reaches inactive receptors and changes receptor conformation causing better drug binding and biologic response.

Macromolecular Perturbation

This is a combination of the rate and induced-fit theory

Activation-Aggregation

This states that receptors are always in equilibrium for active and inactive sites and agonist/antagonist can only shift this equilibrium

Agonist

drugs that activate/increase the activity of the receptor

Antagonist

drugs that inhibit/decrease the activity of the receptor

Drug discovery

starts at conceptualization of new drug research (several dozens to millions of different compounds).

Drug discovery

Numerous stages to filter them out using computational or laboratory tests (no living creatures)

Drug development

- gets molecules from drug discovery, tests in animals, then in humans, and (hopefully) approval for marketing

Medicinal Chemistry

is a broad but essential are of chemistry required to understand the process of drug discovery and explain the mechanism of drug action.

drug discovery,

In _____medicinal chemistry refers to the technologies and laboratory experiments performed to find the best hits/leads/drug candidates

drug action

In ___, medicinal chemistry looks at the structure of a drug
structure and analyzing its activity when administer to humans or other organisms — structure-activity relationship (SAR)

Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR)

- this is the correlation between the drug structure and its effect on the body.

Pharmacophore

is a portion of a drug molecule that is responsible for its activity. It serves as the "face" of the molecule that interacts with a target receptor.

unchanged

A pharmacophore should remain ____to retain the drug's activity, but the other components of the structure can be modified to improve the drug's PK.

Bioisosteres

are functional groups or fragments which looks like and are as large as an original component of a drug structure

Bioisosteres

are usually substituted for an original component in the hopes of improving the SAR of a drug