Human anatomy

Antigen

any molecule that can trigger an immune response

Chemotaxis

inflamed cells summon neutrophils

Conchae

3 bones that project from the lateral wall of each nasal cavity

Epiglottis

piece of cartilage that closes over the top of the larynx during swallowing to direct food and liquid into the esophagus

Glottis

opening between the vocal cords

Lysozyme

enzyme in saliva, tears, and mucus which destroys bacteria

Macrophages

digest worn out red blood cells and imperfect platelets within sinuses of the spleen

Palate

a bony structure that nasal cavity from the mouth

Peyer's patches

lymphatic nodules in the small intestine

Pharyngeal tonsil

tonsil sits on the wall of the pharynx, just behind the nasal cavity

Septum

plate of bone and cartilage that separates the nasal cavity into two halves

Spleen

body's largest lymphatic organ

Visceral pleura

serous membrane covering the surface of the lungs

Alveoli

contain fluid to permit gas exchange

Antibody IgE

produced after initial exposure to an allergen

Artificial active immunity

produced by vaccinations

Complement

triggers a cascade of chemical reactions that result with the destruction of bacteria

Fever

helps fight antigens because high body temperature stops reproduction of bacteria and viruses

First line of defense

includes skin and mucous membranes

Germinal center

less defense area at the center of cortical nodules that form and release lymphocytes

Immunoglobins

are directed at a specific pathogen so they are part of specific immunity

Inflammation

redness resulting from inflammation brings materials needed for healing so it is beneficial

Inspiratory reserve volume

amount of air inhaled using maximum effort after a normal inspiration

Interferon

binds to surface receptors of cells in the area around an infection

Intrapleural pressure

is always less than atmospheric pressure; if this pressure is lost, the lung will collapse

Low blood oxygen levels

detected by the peripheral chemoreceptors which send impulses to increase the rate and depth of breathing

Lymph nodes

remove pathogens and foreign material from lymph

Lymphatic system functions

immunity, fluid balance

Macrophages in spleen

destroy old red blood cells and recycle hemoglobin, returning iron and globin to the bone marrow and liver

Mucous membranes

produce mucus which traps pathogens

Nasal cavity

warms, filters, and moistens air

Natural active immunity

when body produces antibodies or T cells after exposure to an antigen

Primary lymphatic organs

thymus and red bone marrow

Second line of defense

includes inflammatory response and other mechanisms such as white blood cell production

Secondary lymphatic organs

tonsils, spleen, and lymph nodes

Spleen

stores 20% - 30% of the body's platelets and can rapidly add them to circulation to boost blood volume

Third line of defense

specific immunity

Thymus

location where T lymphocytes mature and are trained to distinguish between blood cells and foreign cells

Tidal volume

amount of air inhaled and exhaled during the quiet breathing

Alveoli are location of

gas exchange

Lymph fluid eventually returns to

the bloodstream

Bronchi are large tubes that serve as a

passageway for air

Bronchioles are small airways that do not have

supportive cartilage

The carina is the cartilaginous ridge at the

end of the trachea

Histamine cause inflammatory responses that produce the symptoms of an allergy such as

runny nose, watery eyes, and congestion

The cluster of lymph nodes in the groin area are called

inguinal

The larynx is a passageway between the

pharynx and trachea; it produces sound

Two most important phagocytes are

macrophages and neutrophils

The pharynx is the muscular tube commonly called

the throat

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph for the upper right quadrant of the body into the

right subclavian vein

The trachea is called the windpipe; it is supported by the C

shaped cartilage rings

What role do helper T cells play in cellular immunity?

They play a supportive role in cellular immunity; they produce a chemical to "call" cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells) to the are to destroy pathogens

What is the key difference between cellular and humoral immunity?

Cellular immunity destroys pathogens inside cell, involves killer T cells. Humoral immunity destroys pathogens outside cells, involves antibodies and B cells

What is the purpose of surfactant?

Fluid found in alveoli that reduces surface tension

What is the respiratory membrane and what is its role in ventilation?

Gas exchange occurs through the respiratory membrane; it must be thin walled and moist to allow for diffusion of gases